Page numbers in italicsrefer to figures; in boldrefer to
tables and boxes.
abbreviations and symbols xviii–xxi
accumulation 129
acid deposition 156, 157
acid hydrolysis 83–4
acid mine drainage 156–9
acid rain 44
frozen, concentrated in first snow thaw 57
and the sulphur cycle 265–71, 266
major sulphur sources likely to control acidity
266–7, 267
acidification
in the atmosphere 57
of freshwaters
and aluminium mobility 155
from atmospheric inputs 156
of rain droplets 57, 58
recognition from sulphate data, ternary diagrams
159–61
of water in hydrothermal hot springs 209–11, 212
acids 26
and bases 40
actinides, accidental release of 28
activation energy 80
activity 23, 154
and concentration, in dilute solutions 37
of pure water 69
activity coefficients 23
in seawater 196–7
total activity coefficients 200, 200
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 99, 102–3
adsorption 121, 124
net result of 121–4, 123
aerobic respiration 103
aerosol particles
nuclei for cloud droplet formation 272–4
dimethyl sulphide–cloud condensation
nuclei–climate cycle 273–4, 273
role in controlling climate 271–4
direct effect 271–2
indirect effects 272–4, 273
as sources of acidity 265–71
aerosols 39
direct effect on radiative forcing 271
sulphur and acidity of 266–7, 267
urban, d^34 S signature 270
agricultural activity, increase in 233
air pollution
effects of 55–6
and health 53–5
urban 25
see alsourban atmosphere
albite, weathering of 106
albitization 213
alcohols seehydroxyl functional group
aldehydes, in photochemical smog 50, 51
algal growth, limiting factors 163
aliphatic hydrocarbons 24, 24 , 25
alkali earth metals 15–16, 17
alkali metals 15, 17
alkalinity
dissolved inorganic carbon and pH buffering 151–4
measurement of 150
in seawater 246
alpha decay 28, 40
aluminium (Al) 225
in crustal and dissolved riverwater, difference 142, 142
highly particle-reactive, oceanic profile 223–4, 225Index