Index
aluminium (Al) (cont.)
solubility and acidity in continental waters 155–61
acidification from atmospheric inputs 156
alkaline waters uncommon though possible 155
solubility is pH-dependent 155
aluminosilicates 76
Amazon Basin, use of mercury in the gold industry 170–2
accidental release into the environment 171–2
Amazon, River, and tributaries, chemistry of lower
reaches 147, 149 , 151
amino acids 25 , 26
amino functional group 25 , 26, 167
ammonia (NH 3 )
emitted from the soil 41, 266
some may come from the oceans 266, 269
ammonium (NH 4 ) 41, 167, 267 , 269
alkaline 266
release by decomposing phytoplankton 221
amphiboles 76
anhydrite
as part of black smoker systems 214
precipitation of 213–14
anions 142
monovalent, divalent or trivalent 20–1
anorthite, chemical weathering reaction 84–6, 85
Antarctica
ice cores tested for DMS atmospheric oxidation
products 274, 275
indirect effect of aerosols 272
Southern Ocean
iron limitation 230
an opaline silica sink 203 , 206
see alsoMawson, Antarctica; Onyx River, Antarctica;
South Pole
anthropogenic activities
release of CO 2 to the atmosphere 243–5
see alsohuman effects
aquifers 141
reduction of iron oxides in causes arsenic
contamination 178–9
aragonite202–3
effect of rising atmospheric CO 2 on the saturation
index 261, 262
argillic horizons 113, 114 , 116
argon (Ar) 28
arid areas/environments
dissolution of evaporite minerals in catchments 151
evaporation and major dissolved ion chemistry of rivers
147–51
temperature an ineffective weathering agent 96–7
aromatic compounds 24–5, 24 , 42 , 274
benzene and toluene 54–5
ring structure 24–5, 24
arsenic (As) 226 , 227
groundwater contamination from mining 159
natural contamination of groundwater 178–80
atmosphere 31–65
air pollution
effects of 55–6
and health 53–5
urban 25
build up of O 2 in 9
chemistry of the stratosphere 35, 58–64
composition 32–5
bulk composition 32, 35
troposphere 32–3, 33
continental and marine, change in balance of sulphur
flows between 264 , 265
limited size 31, 32
main elements 18 , 19
mobility of POPs 274–8
modern 1, 11, 35
natural sources 38–43
biological 41–3
geochemical 39–40
primitive, formation and composition 5
provides particle-reactive metals to the central ocean
surface 225
rapid transport of water vapour in 7–8
reactivity of trace substances in 44–5
record of CO 2 values, Mauna Loa and the South Pole
240–2, 241
removal processes 56–8
dry removal 57–8
wet removal 57
smallest carbon reservoir 253
steady state or equilibrium? 35–8
gases not necessarily in equilibrium 36
residence time 36–8
sulphur input from industrial/urban activities increased
263
urban 45–53
see alsocarbon dioxide (CO 2 ), atmospheric
atomic number (Z) 3 , 14–15, 28
atomic weight 3
atoms, components of 3
Avogadro number 22
bacteria 9
chemautotrophic 77
involved in breakdown of some silicates 104
using iron compounds for energy 159
Bahamas, abiological precipitation of CaCO 3 202–3
Baltic Sea
human effects on 233–4, 234
anoxic bottom conditions 233
increased primary production 233
low oxygen concentrations 162
Bangladesh, high arsenic concentrations in deep wells
179
barometric equation 34
basalt, emplaced at ocean ridges 208
basalt–seawater interactions seehydrothermal processes
base cations 106
exchangeable, ion-exchange sites 111
bases 25
and acids 40
bauxite 108
processing effects 155
bedrock material 94, 96 , 97
benzene 24
biodegradation of 135, 136 , 137