Index 289seasonal variation in dissolved P, Si, nitrate and
chlorophyll a 168
silicate removal 187
greenhouse effect 258
and rising temperature 39
greenhouse gases 162
contributions of various gases 258, 259 , 260
importance of CO 2 254–5
subject to international control and regulation 162
groundwater 7
anthropogenic contamination of 174, 175 , 176–8
landfill leakage 176–7
petroleum contamination 177–8
Ca in 146, 146
composition 142, 146
contamination 159, 174–80
anthropogenic 174, 175 , 176–8
by nitrates 169
natural arsenic contamination 178–80
natural degradation a slow process 176
remediation of benzene a problem 174, 176
degassing of CO 283
P and N in 169
gypsum precipitation 195
haematite164 –5
halite(s) 68
ancient, inventories of 191
dissolution of 77
halmyrolysis 186
halocarbons 43
halogenated species, and ozone destruction 61–3
Hawaii
influence of climate on clay mineralogy 109, 110
see alsoMauna Loa
health
affected by fog/smog 47–8
affected by particulate pollution 52–3, 55
and air pollution 53–5
heavy metal contamination 139, 170–4
helium (He) 2
light enough to escape into space 40
a result of alpha decay 28
hemicelluloses (biopolymers) 101
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation82–3
Henry’s law constants 43 , 58 , 216
heterocyclic compounds 26–7, 27
heterosphere, gravitational settling in 33–4
hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) 274, 276
a-hexachlorocyclohexane (a-HCH), in Great Lakes
study 278, 279
homosphere 33 , 34
human effects
on biogeochemical cycles 9–11
on regional seas
the Baltic 233–4, 234
the Gulf of Mexico 235, 236
on total ocean minor element budgets 235–7
humans, in the Arctic, exposure to POPs 278
Humber estuary, loss of intertidal marshes and supratidal
wetlands 188–9
hydrocarbons 23–5, 24
aliphatic (saturated) 24, 24
aromatic compounds 24–5, 24
degradation through biostimulation 132, 133
in fossil fuels 46
unsaturated 24, 24
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) 63–4
hydrogen bonding 69
hydrogen chloride (HCl), degassed from mantle 191
hydrogen (H) 2
in Earth’s main environmental materials 18–19, 18
hydrogen atom 3
hydrogen peroxide, in rainwater 57
hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) 214, 263
in seawater 207
hydrological cycle 7–8, 7
hydrolysis 41
see alsoacid hydrolysis
hydrophobicity 122
hydrosphere 5–8
early existence of water 7
inventory of water at Earth’s surface 5, 6
main elements in 18 , 19
hydrothermal plumes
particle-rich 226–7, 226
sulphidic 210–11
hydrothermal processes 192, 208–14
high temperatures in circulation cells 209–10
increased rate/extent of chemical reactions 211
hydrothermal cycling of seawater at mid-ocean ridges
208
hydrothermal reactions
involving sulphur 213–14
as major ion sinks 212–13
as major ion sources 213
hydrothermal sediment, rich in Fe and Mn 216–17
hydroxyl functional group 25 , 26, 120
dissociation of 81
hydroxyl (OH) radical 44–5, 57, 265
involvement in photochemical smog 50, 51
hygroscopic particles, in the atmosphere 39
ice cores
hold record of CO 2 values 240–2, 241
tested for DMS atmospheric oxidation products 274,
275
Vostok ice core 254, 254
illites
CIA values 108, 108
two to one clay mineral structure 89, 91–2, 91
illuviation 113
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
report 271–2
International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme (IGBP)
240, 245
internet keywords 12, 13, 30, 65, 140, 180, 238, 282
iodine (I)
biological cycling of in seawater 219
marine, distributed over land-masses 43
ion activity product (IAP) 107 , 197
decreased 200