290 Index
ion exchange 193
clay minerals 111, 112 , 186
K fixation during 214
and soil pH 111–12
ion pairs/pairing 197, 198–9, 200
formation of 22–3, 198 , 199
ionic bonding 20–1, 70, 73
ionic compounds, dissolve in polar solvents 69 , 142
ionic solids 20–1
ionic strength 147, 150
ionization energy 15
first ionization energy 15, 16
ions 20
dipolar 26
dissolved in seawater 216–17, 218
effective concentration of 22–3
major ions, chemical cycling of in seawater 191–215
react with water in different ways 142, 143 , 144
transformed by biological cycling in surface seawaters
219, 221
and water 198 , 199
IPCC seeIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC)
iron (Fe) 142, 142
both ferrous and ferric states 18
fertilization experiment 229, 229 , 247, 249
role as a nutrient in the oceans 227–9
sinking to Earth’s centre 2
iron monosulphide (FeS) 207
iron oxidation, and acid mine drainage 158–9
iron oxides
arsenic bearing, microbial reduction of 179–80
at hydrothermal vent sites 212
iron oxyhydroxide formation, coprecipitation during 227
iron reduction 103 , 162, 164 , 165
iron species, gley horizons, geochemical recycling
118–19, 118
iron sulphide (FeS 2 ), at hydrothermal vent sites 212
isomorphous substitution 88, 91 , 205
isotopes, radioactive 3
kaolinite 88, 90
CIA value 108, 108
Kyoto Protocol 261
lakes
biological activity and water chemistry 161–2, 163
cycling of mercury in 173
regulation of water chemistry 141
stratification 161–2, 162
land biosphere
exchanging CO 2 with the atmosphere 242–6
seasonal CO 2 fluxes unequal in temperate and polar
regions 242–3
land use, changes in, fixed carbon released to the
atmosphere 243–4
landfill leakage, contaminating groundwater 176–7, 177
importance of redox conditions 176
latent heat 7
laterite 108
inhibits plant growth 105, 107
Le Chatelier Principle 37 , 83, 196
leaching 97, 99
favouring kaolinite formation, Hawaii 109, 110
lead (Pb), in seawater, corals give indirect record of
225–6, 226
lead pollution 54
life, early, origins in the oceans 9
ligands 174, 227
and chelation 199 , 199
lignin 99, 101–2, 102
random, condensed structure 102 , 102
limestone 86, 146
limestone dissolution, liberation of calcium ions 146
lipophilicity 122 , 172
lithosphere, main elements in 18 , 19
London smog (primary pollution) 46–8, 52
Los Angeles smog (secondary pollution) 48–51, 52
lysocline 204, 205
Mace Head, Ireland, shows almost whole range of d^34 S
270–1, 270
magnesium (Mg) 145, 145
removal from seawater by hydrothermal cycling 212
magnesium salts, precipitation of 195
manganese (Mn) 225
in hydrothermal sediments 216–17
manganese reduction 103 , 162
marine sediments
effects of buried seawater 215
and land sediments, largest CO 2 reservoir 251
present-day distribution 203
mass action, law of 37
Mauna Loa
record of atmospheric CO 2 values 240–2, 241
record of fossil fuel emissions 250, 252
Mawson, Antarctica, atmospheric measurements 266–9,
267
mercury contamination
from goldmining 170–4
remediation, use of phytovolatization 139
mercury (Hg)
controls on bioavailability 174, 198–9
forms amalgam with gold 170, 172, 174
ionic mercury 172
Metallogenium 158
metals 17 , 18, 20
with biological role 222–3
dissolved in seawater
conservative behaviour 218
nutrient-like behaviour 218–19, 221–3
scavenged behaviour 223–7
various sources 215–16
metastability 80
meteors 39
methaemoglobinaemia 169
methane (CH 4 ) 23–4, 24 , 163, 258, 259
from reactions in anaerobic systems 41
methane sulphonic acid (MSA) 265
formed only from DMS 265–6, 266
methanogenesis 103, 103 , 163
methyl chloride 43, 61–2