the practice of superimposing written text on film or video. From the per-
spective of a language learner, subtitled film or video may have the audio
portion in the target language and the text in the native language (standard
subtitles), the audio portion in the native language and the text in the
foreign language (reversed subtitles), or both the audio and the video in
the target language (closed-captions). Closed-captioning, also known as
bi-modal input, was originally developed for the hearing impaired and
required special equipment but is now a standard function on most tele-
visions and video cassette recorders (VCRs). Digital video disks often
provide all three options. There is some research evidence that all three types
of captioning can be useful aids to language learning.subtractive bilingual education n
also subtractive bilingualism
see additive bilingual education
subvocalization n
see subvocal reading
subvocal reading n
also subvocalization
a type of reading said to be characteristic of all readers (by some
researchers) and of poor readers (by other researchers), in which the reader
pronounces words silently while reading, sometimes also making slight
movements of the tongue, lips, and vocal cords.
successive bilingualism n
the acquisition of a second language after competence in the first language
has been established to some extent, e.g. by the time when a child is three
years old.
suffix n
a letter or sound or group of letters or sounds which are added to the end of
a word, and which change the meaning or function of the word.
see also affix
suggestopaedia n
also desuggestopedia, suggestopedy, Lozanov method
a method of foreign-language teaching developed by the Bulgarian
educator, Lozanov. It makes use of dialogues, situations, and translation to
present and practise language, and in particular, makes use of music, visual
images, and relaxation exercises to make learning more comfortable
subtractive bilingual education