60 Asia The Economist November 20th 2021
M
in aung hlaingcan cut a lonely
figure on the international stage.
Since seizing power in a coup in Febru
ary, the commanderinchief of Myan
mar’s armed forces has been persona non
grata in many places. But one country at
least has remained steadfast: Russia. Its
friendship with Myanmar grows “stron
ger and stronger”, boasted the general on
a visit to Moscow in June. Nor is Myan
mar the only SouthEast Asian country
Russia is buddying up with. In July Presi
dent Vladimir Putin gave Hun Sen, Cam
bodia’s prime minister, a “friendship”
medal, and sent his foreign minister on
official visits to Laos and Indonesia.
Seven of the ten memberstates of
asean, a club of SouthEast Asian coun
tries, have bought or plan to buy the
Russian government’s Sputnik vvaccine.
Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia have
even signed deals to manufacture it.
Russia’s Asian charm offensive is not
new. Since Mr Putin first took office two
decades ago, Moscow has assiduously
cultivated ties there, eager to sell com
modities to its booming markets and to
develop the anaemic economy of its
fareastern territories. But some analysts
argue that this “pivot to Asia”, as Moscow
calls it, is really a pivot to China, which is
thirsty for Russian hydrocarbons and
with which Russia shares a rival, Amer
ica. And as fears have grown that Russia’s
economy is becoming too dependent on
China, so the benefits of sharing the love
with the rest of Asia have seemed more
apparent. So over the past decade, Mos
cow has stressed the importance of
stronger bonds with asean.
The most obvious evidence of this
burgeoning friendship is on the parade
ground. Russia is the region’s biggest
arms supplier. Between 2000 and 2019 it
sold $10.7bnworth of tanks, warships,
fighter jets and other weapons to South
East Asia, surpassing America, the region’s
secondbiggest supplier, by nearly a third.
Over the past decade, Russia’s navy has
made more frequent port calls in the
region. Its armed forces occasionally
conduct joint exercises with its SouthEast
Asian counterparts. Over the past five
years these ties have been affirmed by a
flurry of defence agreements—with In
donesia and Myanmar, but also with Thai
land and the Philippines, both formally
allies of America.
Moscow supplements military ties
with camaraderie. Mr Putin has for years
made a point of attending aseansum
mits, and in 2016 began to play host to an
annual Russiaaseanshindig. Years of
gladhanding have borne fruit. When in
2014 the unvoted on a resolution con
demning Russia’s annexation of Crimea,
Vietnam, Brunei and Cambodia abstained,
while Laos apparently forgot to vote.
Russia reciprocated this year, torpedoing
moves by other members of the unSecuri
ty Council to condemn the military coup
in Myanmar.
SouthEast Asian governments wel
come Russia’s courtship. Its weaponry is
more reliable than China’s, and cheaper
and less tangled in red tape than Amer
ica’s. Moreover, as the rivalry between
America and China ratchets up, many
SouthEast Asian countries feel under
pressure to choose sides. So they are
keen on ties with other powerful coun
tries like Russia, says Elizabeth Buchan
an of Deakin University in Australia.
The problem is that, aside from arms
and hydrocarbons, Russia does not have
much to sell to the region. In 2019
asean’s bilateral trade with America was
worth $292bn and with Japan $116bn.
With Russia it amounted to a piddling
$18bn. Little has changed since 2010,
when Russia’s foreign minister lamented
that economic ties with aseanwere
“mostly skindeep”.
Russia’s approach to foreign policy is
“shorttermist”, says Alexander Gabuev
of the Carnegie Moscow Centre, a think
tank. Strategists know that the country
ought to focus on the rest of Asia, yet
“every year we see Russia doubling down
on China” because it remains preoccu
pied by the commercial potential there.
But when democracy takes a beating in
SouthEast Asia, Russia does seize the
opportunity to reward its assailants,
notes Zachary Abuza of the National War
College in Washington. When coup
makers in Myanmar and Thailand took
power and when the Philippines’ irasci
ble president seemed inclined to rip up
its alliance with America (he later relent
ed), it swooped in to sell arms and pro
mise lasting friendship. Unable to add
substance to those overtures, however,
Russia contents itself with thumbing its
nose at America and patting authoritar
ians on the back. It is not so much a great
power as a great mischiefmaker.
Russia is making friends in South-East Asia, but its influence remains limited
Banyan Bear with them
for electricity make power more afford
able, but leave the distribution network
underfunded. Only 77% of electricity is
paid for, piling up debts reckoned in 2019 at
around $57bn. To compensate, commer
cial consumers pay up to four times more
for power, helping make Indian manufac
turers uncompetitive. Similarly, Indian
Railways can afford governmentimposed
low passenger fares only by raising the cost
of freight. It relies on shunting coal from
forestdevouring strip mines to smoke
belching power plants.
Subsidies can also bring international
obloquy. A World Trade Organisation (wto)
agreement required India to phase out va
ried exportpromotion subsidies by 2016.
Instead the country ramped up several pro
grammes, earning in 2019 a sharp repri
mand from the wto. It was chastised again
this year, this time for concealing subsi
dies for agricultural exports.
The wtomight be more sympathetic if
it were to study a typical Indian election
campaign, where parties vie to offer ever
higher handouts. The current government
started off in 2014 insisting it would slash
subsidies, and compressed a multiplicity
of government schemes into just 40 main
ones (not counting various hidden hand
outs and crosssubsidies). But it still
spends more on subsidies than on defence,
and has added new beneficiaries. During
the worst of the covid slump, many econo
mists counselled boosting demand by giv
ing cash to the hardest hit. The govern
ment’s biggest initiative instead propped
up manufacturers, encouraging them to
invest where bureaucrats think they
should by offering “productionlinkedin
centives” to make things like solarpanels.
In other words, it offered subsidies.n