The Economist November 20th 2021 Business 73
Walmartgetsits bite back
I
n theory thisshould be a good time to be Walmart, the doyen
of American retailers that came of age in the stagflationary era of
the 1970s. Inflation is back, yet no one knows better than the Beast
of Bentonville how to use the power of the growl to convince sup
pliers to lower prices. Supply chains are buckling, yet such is Wal
mart’s heft that it has chartered ships and bypassed rail services to
deliver Halloween and Christmas goods early this year. Workers
are in short supply, but it managed to add 200,000 jobs to its 2.3m
global payroll in the three months to September. “There’s a level of
excitement in the air, you can feel it,” enthused Doug McMillon, its
chief executive, as Walmart raised its yearend sales and profit tar
gets after solid thirdquarter earnings on November 16th.
There’s a puzzle, though. Investors are not buying it. In the past
year Walmart’s share price has lagged behind not just Amazon, the
ecommerce giant, but other bigbox American retailers, such as
Target and Home Depot. On November 16th its shares fell a further
3%, as investors fretted over what Simeon Gutman of Morgan
Stanley described as slightly “squishy” profit margins. Is the
stockmarket, so enamoured of all things new, missing the turna
round story of the decade? Or is there something else to worry
about, namely the hot breath of Amazon on Walmart’s neck?
There are few more engaging advocates of the turnaround sto
ry than Felix OberholzerGee of Harvard Business School, who co
hosts a weekly podcast with two of his fellow professors called
“After Hours”—a “Seinfeld”like dose of bonhomie for business
enthusiasts. The trio, who interchange highbrow discussions on
companies with topics ranging from Scandinavian crime drama to
cocktailmaking, might not be regulars in the aisles of Walmart.
But they are cheerleaders. “Walmart is on fire,” Mr OberholzerGee
exclaimed in a recent episode. He acknowledges that investors
have not yet caught on. But that might just be because their mind
sets are hardened against legacy retailers, he argues.
The turnaround story has two parts. First is the customer. Since
lockdowns ended, shoppers have returned to Walmart’s stores,
though not yet in sufficient numbers to prove that its al
most800m square feet of American retail space—more than the
size of Manhattan—is worth cherishing. The company claims it is.
It says having stores within ten miles of 90% of Americans is vital
for an “omnichannel” strategy that encourages shoppers to buy in
store, online or a combination of the two.
But with footfall still subpar, its challenge is to attract online
shoppers without cannibalising the ones who visit the stores. It is
having some success. Surveys suggest its new Walmart+ subscrip
tion service—a lowercost rival to Amazon Prime—is attracting
young, urban and affluent online shoppers who might not be seen
dead in a Walmart store (a partnership with American Express’s
platinum card reinforces the impression of upward mobility). Ac
cording to Mr OberholzerGee, Walmart.com has also started to
display “edgy” brands such as RayBan that typically shunned
Walmart’s physical stores, which further appeals to this cohort.
Moreover, Walmart is rolling out Uber Eatsstyle home delivery to
900 cities through its Spark network of gigeconomy drivers. It
makes for an intriguing gambit. Walmart, the emblem of subur
bia, is moving tentatively into Amazon’s metropolitan heartland.
The second part of the story is profit. Unlike Amazon, whose e
commerce business is not a big contributor to earnings, Walmart
needs to justify returns on everything it does. That encourages it
to think laterally, since online profit margins are meagre. As a re
sult, it is seeking to defray the cost of its ecommerce distribution
network by attracting thirdparty merchants, rather than just sell
ing Walmart stuff. It is building a fastgrowing advertising busi
ness, called Connect, which Mr Gutman reckons could generate
$2bn of operating profit—8% of last year’s total—by 2025. And it is
delving into fintech, specifically placing bets on customersup
porting financial services ranging from billpaying to cryptocur
rencies. All of these could bolster the bottom line without detract
ing from physicalstore sales.
The twist in the tale, though, says Marc Wulfraat of mwpvl, a
logistics consultancy, is Amazon. While Walmart may be en
croaching on its urban territory, Amazon is on the counterattack
across the suburban hinterland. Its weapons are distribution cen
tres, the vast warehouses from which retailers ship goods around
the country. In 2018, Mr Wulfraat says, the size of Amazon’s distri
bution network in America overtook Walmart’s. Since then, Ama
zon has sought to double it again, building what Mr Wulfraat reck
ons will be another 140m square feet of distribution centres—as
much as Walmart has built in America in its entire 59year history.
It is a daunting operation. Mr Wulfraat says that each week Am
azon builds what some retailers construct in a decade. “It’s almost
like a war effort,” says Ken Murphy, of abrdn, an asset manager
that invests in Amazon. He reckons the logistics blitzkrieg is part
of Amazon’s effort to shrink delivery times so sharply that people
will have little incentive to go to stores. That makes Walmart, with
its vast store network in America, vulnerable.
Banana armies
Defeat is not inevitable. More than half of Walmart’s domestic
sales are groceries, which people are still hesitant to buy online.
That gives it some protection from the Amazonslaught. So far Am
azon’s ownership of Whole Foods, an upmarket grocery chain it
bought in 2017, and its Fresh supermarket formats, have been half
hearted attempts to take on its Bentonville rival.
But if Amazon masters the art of cashierless shopping, as it is
trying to do, it could change the buying of groceries as it has every
thing else, from bookselling to cloudcomputing. So far Walmart
can pride itself on keeping Amazon at bay while reinventing itself
for an omnichannel world. And yet the grocery warshave barely
begun. And the size of Amazon’s arsenal is growing.n
Schumpeter
But the Beast of Bentonville still has Amazon on its tail