Subject Index 631Substance abuse, 367–369
prevalence of, 368–369
Suicide, 344–345, 532–537
attempts to, 534–535
factors associated with,535–537
among adults, 535–536
among adolescents, 536–537
gender paradox, 535
incidence of, 532–534
Supply-side theory, 462
Susceptibility factors of depression, 495
Sweden, paternity leave in, 469
Symptom perception, 382–384
evidence for, 382–383
explanation for, 383–384
T
Tahiti, 13–14
Tailhook Association, 475
Target-based expectancies, 80–81
Target variable, 35
Teachers(s)
achievement and, 211–216
effects on performance, 214–216
Technology, sedentary lifestyle and, 373
Television
gender-role socialization and, 161–163
lack of exercise and, 373
obesity due to, 371
Tend and befriend strategy, 503–504
Testosterone
aggression and, 138
behavior and, 139
depression and, 498
Thomas, Edward, 308
Thrombolytic therapy, 356
Title IX, 208
Tomboy, trait description, 6
Token resistance, 436
Touching, 237–239
sexual harassment, 476
Tough Guise, 152
To y s
advertisements and, 164
gender-role socialization and, 158–159
Trade-off issues, in mate selection, 300–301
Traditional gender ideology, 68
Treatment discrimination, 458
Transgendered individuals, 7
negative attitude toward, 78.See also
Tr a n s p h o b i a
Transitional attitude, 9.See alsoGender-role
attitude
Transitional gender ideology, 68
Transphobia, 77–78.See alsoHomophobia
Transsexuals, 7
Tuberculosis disease, 344
Turner, Tina, 487
Type 2 diabetes, 371
U
Unemployment, labor force participation rate
for men and, 443
Unmitigated agency, 57
Unmitigated communion, 57–58
Unstable attribution, 202–203
U.S. Congress, women in, 458–459
V
Validity
construct, 105external, 36
internal, 36
Va r i a b l e
confounded with sex, 46
dependent, 34
independent, 33–34
moderating, 107
situational, 270–272
stimulus, 35
subject, 35
target, 35
Verbal ability, 115–117
Victimization, fear of, 63
Violence, 20
crime statistics and, 346–347
in gay and lesbian relationships, 426
intimate partner, 423–430
in relationships, 26
research on, 121–125
sex of perpetrator, 122–123
sex of victims, 123–125
among women, 124
Violent resistance IPV, 427
Virginity, 318
Vulnerability, differential, 510
W
Wage gap theories, 462
Weight
African American women gain, 408
marriage and, 371
smoking cessation and, 365–366
widowhood and, 402
Wendt, Gary, 99
Wendt, Lorna, 99
Wendt vs. Wendt, 99
Why Can’t Men Open Up?(Naifeh
and Smith), 61
Widowhood
depression, 490
health effects of, 402–405
suicide and, 402
Will & Grace, 86
Williams, Serena, 94
Wishful thinking, 502
Withdrawal symptoms, self-reports of,
365–366
Women Don’t Ask: Negotiation and the
Gender Divide(Babcock &
Laschever), 466
Women
abuse of, 429
conflict management and, 326–327
denial of personal discrimination,
473–474
display of negative affect in, 327
effect on women’s health, 444
employment of, 443–448, 481–482
full-timevs. part-time, 445–446
reasons for increase in, 483
reduces household demands for
women, 446
first sexual experience of, 318
marital satisfaction of, 321
motives for sex, 318–319
occupations of, 456
participation in labor force, 443
power distribution, 321–323
relationship breakups initiated
by, 407
relationship maintenance, 321
in television, 441
unemployment rate, 443–444expectancy/value model of achievement,
206–208
influence of parents, 208–211
influence of teachers, 211–215
Social learning theory
observational learning or modeling,
148–150
reinforcement, 150–151
Social roles, 374–382
concerns with health, 379–380
driving, 375–376
gender-related traits, 381–382
job characteristics, 375
nurturant roles, 380–381
risky behavior, 376–379
Social role theory, 302–303
of communications, 255–256
of emotion, 256
of interaction styles, 255
of language, 255–256
of nonverbal behavior, 256
Social support
evidence for, 392–393
health and, 391–392
laboratory studies of, 394
marriage as source of, 399–400
Socialized dysfunctional characteristic
theory, 60–61
Societal factors, of eating disorders, 530–531
Sociobiology
of aggression, 144
of sex differences, 143–145
hunter-gatherer society, 145
sexual behavior, 143–144
Socioeconomic factors, 395
Socioeconomic status (SES), 371
division of labor and, 416
health and, 354–355
South Africa, 297
Spain, 297
Spatial ability, 108–113
Sports, participation in, 372
Stable attribution, 202
STD.See Sexually transmitted
diseases (STD)
Status theory
and agency, 252
of communication, 252–254
explanations for sex differences,
252–254
interaction styles, 252–253
language, 253
nonverbal behavior, 253–254
and communion, 252
of interaction styles, 252–253
Stereotype threat, 196–200
Storage (friendship) love, 310–311
Stimulus/target variable, 35
Strains
from separation and divorce, 406–407
of parenting, 421
after widowhood, 403
Stress
buffering, 451
exposure, 508
impact, 508
marriage and coping with, 400
Stress-buffering hypothesis, effects on
marriage, 398–399
Stressful life events, 508–511
Stressors, 352–354
Structural level of analysis, 261
Structural measures of support, 391
Subject variable, 35Z03_HELG0185_04_SE_SIDX.indd 631 6/21/11 2:33 PM