630 Subject IndexSelf-verification, 175
Separation, health effects of, 406
Sex
differences, among homosexual and
heterosexual, 318–319
defined, 3
gendervs.,3–4
men’s and women’s motives for, 319
recreational view of, 318–319
relational view of, 318
Sex differences
in mate preferences, 301–304
evolutionary theory, 301–302
social construction theory, 304
social role theory, 302–303
in rumination, 505
in stressful life events, 510
Sex difference debate, 17–18
maximalists on, 17
minimalists on, 17
Sex discrimination, 9
behavioral component, 97–99
Sex education, in schools, 317–318
Sex of perpetrator, 122–123
Sex and Personality(Miles), 49
Sex-related behavior, 4
Sex-related comparisons
biology of, 135–142
brain, 141–142
genes, 135–136
hormones, 136–141
psychobiosocial models, 142
in cognitive abilities, 108–118
comprehensive assessment of, 117–118
mathematical ability, 114–115
spatial ability, 108–113
verbal ability, 115–117
cognitive development theory, 166–168
in context, 173–179
perceiver, 174–175
situation, 175–179
target, 175
evolutionary theory and sociobiology,
143–145
aggression, 144
hunter-gatherer society, 145
sexual behavior, 143–144
gender-role socialization, 152–164
environment and, 158–164
other people’s influence, 156–157
parents’ influence, 154–156
gender schema theory, 168–173
Maccoby and Jacklin’sPsychology of Sex
Differences,105–108
in moral development, 128–130
psychoanalytic theory, 146–147
in social development, 130–131
in social domains, 118–128
in aggression, 121–125
in empathy, 119–120
in general personality attributes, 127
in helping behavior, 120–121
in sexuality, 125–127
social learning theory of, 148–151
observational learning or modeling,
148–150
reinforcement, 150–151
social role theory, 165–166
Sex role, 6
Sex-role spillover theory, 483
Sex-selective abortion, 14
Sex segregation, pay disparity and, 462–466
Sex similarities hypothesis, 131
Sex stereotype, 9Sex typing, 7
Sex of victim, 123–125
Sexism, 9, 70–76
benevolent, 71–74
hostile, 71–74
modern, 71
toward men, 74–76
traditional, 70–71
Sexual assault, 430
Sexual behavior, sex differences in,
143–144
Sexual challenge, as obstacle to cross-sex
friendships, 278
Sexual coercion, 430, 476
Sexual exclusivity, 306
Sexual Experiences Survey, 477
Sexual harassment, 475–483
at work, 478
definitions of, 475–478
incidence of, 478–480
levels of, 476
myths of, 477
myths, 477
outcomes of, 480–481
perceptions of, 477
perpetrator characteristics, 481
prevalence of, 479
theories of, 482–483
victim characteristics, 481–482
women’s occupations linked to,
481–482
Sexual infidelity, 332–335
Sexual intercourse
familial factors for, 318
premarital, 312, 316–318
religiosity and, 318
Sexual orientation, 7, 325–326
Sexual propositions, 476
Sexual standards, 312–314
Sexuality, 312
attitude towards, 312–316
motives for, 318–319
sex-differences in, 125–126
first sexual experience, 316–318
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD), 318
Shared identity, 245
Shifting standard, 94–95
Sick role hypothesis, 384–385
Simpsons, The, 149
Simpson, Nicole Brown, 423
Simpson, O. J., 423
Simpsons, The, 149
Single-parent families, 418
television depiction of, 441
Single-sex education, 215–216
Sissy, trait description, 6
Situational couple violence IPV, 427
Smartvs.social dilemma, 188
Smiling, 236
Smoking, 359–360
cessation, 362–366
prevalence
among adolescents and children,
361–362
among adults, 360–361
sex differences in, 360–361
Social cognitive theory, 168
Social comparison theory, 304, 474
Social construction, of gender, 18
Social constructionists approach, 59–60
Social desirability response bias, 44, 45
Social exchange theory, 323–324
Social factors, in achievement,
206–215Romantic relationships (Continued)
initiation of, 304–306
intimacy, 306–307
love in, 307–312
gender roles towards, 307–310
in students, 308–309
romanticism, 308–311
styles, 310–312
maintaining, 319–326
attitude alignment, 323
characteristics of him but not her,
324–325
power distribution, 321–323
relationships, 319–321
relationship satisfaction, 321
sexual orientation, 325–326
social exchange theory, 323–324
strategies for, 320–321
nature of, 306–326
sexuality, 312
attitude towards, 312–316
double standards in, 314–315
first sexual experience, 316–318
motives for, 318–319
Romanticism, 308–311
Rumination
depression cycle, 504–507
sex differences in, 505
unmitigated communion and, 513
S
Same cause theory of depression, 496
Same-sex marriage policies, 297
Satisfaction with division of labor and health,
416–417
Scarcity and expansion hypothesis, evidence
for, 451
Schema, 168–169
Schizophrenia, 518
Schroer, David, 97
Scripts, dating, 304
Second preference, for child, 14
Second shift’s, women, 412
Seek social support, 502
Segregation, occupational, 462–466
Selection bias, 33
Selection effect, 444
marital selection hypothesis, 401
on health of working womenvs.
housewives, 444
on parental status and health, 421
Selection process, marital selection, 401
Self-blame, 502
Self-confidence, 190–194
appearance of low, 191
feedback and, 193
tasks and, 191
Self-consciousness, private, 507–508
Self-disclosure
in friendships, 269–272
sex of discloser, 270
sex of recipient, 270
situational variables, 270–272
role of, 306–307
Self-esteem, 195–196
men’s attitude toward women working
and, 447
women’s employment and, 444
Self-fulfilling prophecy, 89
Self-monitoring, 175
Self-presentation, 175
Self-role discrepancy theory, 60
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