Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

R

C NH

2

H O

N+

NAD+

1) Soybeans are one dietary source of niacin.

3. NAD+ is the oxidized form while NADH is the reduced form of the coenzyme.
   
   
   1. NAD+ serves as an oxidizing agent.
   
   
   2. NADH is a reducing agent that acts as an electron donor and frequently as a
      biochemical source of hydride (“H–”).
   
   
   
   

12.1 INTRODUCTION

1. Carbonyl compounds include aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters.

R

H

C

R

R'

C

R

HO

C

R

R'O

C

C O O O O O

The carbonyl group An aldehyde A ketone A carboxylic A carboxylate ester

12.1A STRUCTURE OF THE CARBONYL

1. The carbonyl carbon atom is sp^2 hybridized ⇒ it and the three groups attached to
   it lie in the same plane.

1. A trigonal plannar structure ⇒ the bond angles between the three attached atoms
   are approximately 120°.