Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

Aldehydes: HHC

O

C

O

C

O

C

O

Formaldehyde

H 3 CH

Acetaldehyde

C 6 H 5 H

Benzaldehyde

H

trans-Cinnamaldehyde

C 6 H 5

(present in cinnamon)

Ketones:

H 3 CCH 3

C

O

C

O

O

Acetone

H 3 CH 2 CCH 3

Ethyl methyl ketone (fromCa spearmrvoneint)

2. Aldehydes and ketones have a trigonal plannar arrangement of groups around the
   carbonyl carbon atom. The carbon atom is sp^2 hybridized.

C O

H

H

118 o

121 o

121 o

2.11 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AMIDES, AND ESTERS

2.11A CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

R or

C or

O

O

H

CO 2 H COOH C

O

O

H

R or R CO 2 H or COOH

A carboxylic acid The carboxyl group

H C or

O

O

H

Formic acid HCO 2 H or HCOOH