NOTES TO PAGES 35–43Jacques Chirac’s address to the nation, on March 31, to respond to the political crisis caused by the
widely protested and later withdrawn plan of the CPE (Contrat premier d’e ́bauche) to fight France’s
massive youth unemployment, as part of the government’s response to the November 2005 riots in
the suburbs.
- The rebounds of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton come to mind.
- See Anselm Haverkamp, ‘‘Richard II, Bracton, and the End of Political Theology,’’Law
and Literature16, no. 3 (Fall 2004): 313–26. - Patrick Riley,The General Will Before Rousseau: The Transformation of the Divine into the
Civic(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Dale K. Van Kley,The Religious Origins of the
French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560–1791(New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1996); Michael Theunissen,Hegels Lehre vom absoluten Geist als theologisch-politischer Traktat
(Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1970). - Hans Kelsen, ‘‘Gott und Staat,’’ inLogos11 (1922–23): 261–84; Heinrich Meier,Das
theologisch-politische Problem: Zum Thema von Leo Strauss(Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 2003); Roberto
Esposito,Communitas: Origine et Destin de la communaute ́(Paris: Presses Universitaires de France,
2000), and idem,Cate ́gories de l’impolitique(Paris: Seuil, 2005). See also Myriam Revault d’Allonnes,
Le De ́pe ́rissement de la politique(Paris: Aubier, 1999), and idem,Le Pouvoir des commencements:
Essai sur l’autorite ́(Paris: Seuil, 2006). - Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe,Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Toward a Radical
Democratic Politics(London: Verso, 1985). - Ernesto Laclau,Emancipation(s)(London: Verso, 1996).
- Ernesto Laclau,New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time(London: Verso, 1990);
idem, with Judith Butler and Slavoj Zˇizˇek,Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dia-
logues on the Left(London: Verso, 2000). - Ernesto Laclau,The Populist Reason(London: Verso, 2005). For an overall discussion of
Laclau’s work, including his responses to his critics, see Simon Critchley and Oliver Marchart, eds.,
Laclau: A Critical Reader(New York: Routledge, 2004). This book contains a bibliography of his
published work, as well as critical rejoinders to his position by William Connolly and Judith Butler. - From the description of the series Phronesis, edited by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal
Mouffe. See Butler, Laclau, and Zˇizˇek,Contingency, Hegemony, Universality. - The distinction to which Lefort accords particular value as the ‘‘index’’ of conceptual
‘‘ambiguity’’ is well known from the collective project of Nancy and Lacoue-Labarthe entitledThe
Retreat of the Political. The opening chapter of Lefort’s collectionEssais sur le politique, entitled ‘‘La
Question de la de ́mocratie,’’ was his contribution to this project. It appears in English as ‘‘The
Question of Democracy,’’ in Claude Lefort,Democracy and Political Theory, trans. David Macey
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988), 9–20. - SeeThe International Herald Tribune, June 30, 2006. See also David S. Cloud and Sheryl
Gay Stolberg, ‘‘White House Offers Plan on Terror Suspects: Bush Draft Steers Clear of Courts-
Martial,’’The International Herald Tribune, July 27, 2006. The United Nations Human Rights Com-
mittee, in its review of American compliance with the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights, requested that the U.S. ‘‘immediately shut down any secret detention facilities and
grant prompt access by the Red Cross to any person detained in connection with an armed con-
flict.’’ The official response of the U.S. administration was that ‘‘the covenant applied only in the
national territory of countries that had signed it and that it did not apply to the U.S. military or its
installations abroad, which are governed by other domestic and international laws’’ (The Interna-
tional Herald Tribune, July 29–30, 2006). By the same token, the administration, represented by
Attorney General Alberto Gonzales in an appearance before a congressional hearing (and first public
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