Arabic: An Essential Grammar

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(b) When َما ma ̄ ‘what?’ or ماَِّم mimma ̄ ‘of what?, of which?’ (which


is a combination of ِم ْن + (^) َما ) are used as relative pronouns, the
addition of

al-

a ̄

id ‘the returner’ is optional, e.g.
Exercises
Practise your reading:
1
ُتـْنـَكـَس
2
ًةَريِزَج
3
اَهـَل
4
( ٌديِلْقَت ).s ُديِلاَقَت
5
ِديِلاَقَت ْنَع ٌةَفِلَتْخُم
6


. يِدَلاِب


(1)
1
I lived on an
2
island (which)
3
had
5
different
4
traditions from the

traditions of
6
my country.

1
يِتَّل ( ٌمْسِإ ).s ُءاَمْسْ َلأَأ

2
َنيِذ َّ ل ِب َّ لاُطل ُءاَمْسَأ َيِه اَهُتْرَكَذ

3
يِف اوُحَجَن

4

. ِناَحِتْمِْلا


(2)
1
The names which
2
I mentioned are the names of the students who
3
passed
4
the exam.

1
ٍمْوَي يِف ُتْدَهاَش

2
ٍدِحاَو

3
ْنَم

4
ْنَمَو ُهَرْكَأ

5
ُ.ّبِحُأ

(3)
1
I saw in
2
one day one
3
whom
4
I hate and one whom
5
I like.

ي َةَّل ُم ْل َع َر ِبََّو َج ْد ُت َم ْن َي َت َك ه َذا َما َأ َكْل ُت َأ ْم ِس


ا

wag ̆adtu man yatakallamu l-


arabiyyata. ha ̄d
̄

a ̄ ma ̄


akaltu


amsi.

I found one who speaks Arabic. This is what I ate yesterday.

With


al-


a ̄


id Without


al-


a ̄


id

ه َذا َما َس ِم ْع َنا ُه OR ه َذا َما َس ِم ْع َنا


ا

ha ̄d
̄

a ̄ ma ̄ sami


na ̄-hu.ha ̄d
̄

a ̄ ma ̄ sami


na ̄.

This is what we have heard.

َلا َأ ْع ُب ُد َما َت ْع ُب ُدو َن ُه OR َلا َأ ْع ُب ُد َما َت ْع ُب ُدو َن


la ̄


a


budu ma ̄ ta


budu ̄na-hu.la ̄


a


budu ma ̄ ta


budu ̄na.

I do not worship what you worship. (The Quran)

ما َك َت ْب ُت ُهَّه َذا ِم


ا
OR ما َك َت ْب ُتَّه َذا ِم

ا

ha ̄d
̄

a ̄ mimma ̄ katabtu-hu.ha ̄d
̄

a ̄ mimma ̄ katabtu.

This is (part) of what I have written.

205

Relative
pronouns
and relative
clauses
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