- Spinal
Injection of local anesthetic into subarachnoid space.
Side effects: dural puncture headaches, hemodynamic
compromise - Caudal/epidural
Injection of local anesthetic into potential space between the
dura mater and ligamentum flavum.
Advantage over spinal for long term or continuous
administration
Clonidine effective as adjunct to local anesthetic infusion
Complications: toxicity from infusion into epidural space or
intravascular space, urinary retention, site infection, chemical
meningitis, inadvertent spinal anesthesia, respiratory
depression
Contraindications: coagulopathy, infection or open would at
insertion site
VI. Neuromuscular Blockade
A. Depolarizing [13]^