123434.2.3.4.6 The Effect of Directional Microphones and Loudspeakers.................................. 1253
34.2.3.5 Validity of the Model in a Geometrically Complex Room................................ 1253
34.2.3.6 A Modification for Low RT60 Rooms............................................... 1254
34.3 Loudspeaker Systems for Sound Reinforcement.............................................. 1255
34.3.1 Loudspeaker Components............................................................. 1255
34.3.1.1 Cone Loudspeakers.............................................................. 1255
34.3.1.2 Cone Loudspeaker Enclosures..................................................... 1255
34.3.1.3 Compression Drivers and Horns.................................................... 1256
34.3.1.4 Packaged Loudspeaker Systems.................................................... 1257
34.3.1.5 Line Arrays.................................................................... 1257
34.3.1.6 Choosing Loudspeakers.......................................................... 1259
34.3.1.6.1 Power Handling................................................................... 1259
34.3.1.6.2 Frequency Range and Response...................................................... 1259
34.3.1.6.3 Sensitivity....................................................................... 1259
34.3.1.6.4 Coverage Pattern.................................................................. 1259
34.3.1.6.5 Evaluating Loudspeaker Sound Quality................................................ 1259
34.3.2 Loudspeaker Systems................................................................ 1260
34.3.2.1 The Central Cluster.............................................................. 1260
34.3.2.2 Variations on the Central Cluster................................................... 1261
34.3.2.3 The Split Cluster................................................................ 1261
34.3.2.4 Stereo Clusters................................................................. 1261
34.3.2.5 Left-Center-Right Clusters........................................................ 1261
34.3.2.6 Exploded Clusters............................................................... 1262
34.3.2.7 Rear and Surround Clusters....................................................... 1262
34.3.2.8 Designing a Central Cluster in a Simple Rectangular Room.............................. 1262
34.3.2.8.1 Evaluate the Room................................................................. 1262
34.3.2.8.2 Choosing the Cluster Location....................................................... 1263
34.3.2.8.3 Evaluating the Cluster Location...................................................... 1263
34.3.2.8.4 Choosing the Loudspeakers.......................................................... 1263
34.3.2.8.5 Aiming the Loudspeakers........................................................... 1263
34.3.2.8.6 Powering the Cluster............................................................... 1263
34.3.2.8.7 Low-Frequency Loudspeakers and Feedback............................................ 1264
34.3.2.8.8 Direct Sound and Feedback.......................................................... 1264
34.3.2.8.9 Other Considerations............................................................... 1264
34.3.2.9 Answering Question 2: “Can Everybody Hear”........................................ 1264
34.3.2.9.1 History of Manual/Graphical Cluster Design Tools....................................... 1264
34.3.2.9.2 Commercial Computer Software Design Tools........................................... 1265
34.3.2.9.3 Other Software Tools............................................................... 1265
34.3.2.10 Designing the Complex Cluster................................................... 1265
34.3.2.10.1 The Fundamental Complexity....................................................... 1266
34.3.2.10.2 Simplifying the Complex Cluster Design Process........................................ 1266
34.3.2.10.3 The Four Questions for the Complex Cluster........................................... 1267
34.3.2.10.4 Question 1: Is the System Loud Enough?.............................................. 1267
34.3.2.10.5 Question 2: Can Everybody Hear?................................................... 1267
34.3.2.10.6 Question 3: Can Everybody Understand?.............................................. 1267
34.3.2.10.7 Question 4: Will It Feed Back?...................................................... 1267
34.3.2.11 Signal Alignment and Purposeful Misalignment in Cluster Design........................ 1268
34.3.3 The Distributed Loudspeaker System.................................................... 1268
34.3.3.1 Distributed Ceiling Loudspeaker Systems............................................ 1269
34.3.3.2 Central Cluster Plus Distributed System.............................................. 1269