123534.3.3.3 Multicluster System.............................................................. 1270
34.3.3.4 Distributed Column System........................................................ 1270
34.3.3.5 Pew-Back Distributed System...................................................... 1270
34.3.3.6 Loudspeakers for Distributed Systems............................................... 1270
34.3.3.6.1 Ceiling Loudspeaker Systems........................................................ 1270
34.3.3.6.2 Packaged Loudspeaker Systems in Distributed Systems.................................... 1271
34.3.3.7 Designing the Distributed Ceiling System............................................ 1271
34.3.3.7.1 Question 1: Is It Loud Enough?....................................................... 1271
34.3.3.7.2 Question 3: Can Everybody Understand?............................................... 1272
34.3.3.7.3 Question 4: Will It Feed Back?....................................................... 1272
34.3.3.7.4 Question 2: Can Everybody Hear?..................................................... 1272
34.3.3.7.5 Equalizing the Distributed Ceiling System.............................................. 1273
34.3.3.7.6 Distributed Systems in Rooms with Sloped Floors or Ceilings............................... 1273
34.3.3.8 Designing the Distributed Cluster System............................................. 1274
34.3.3.8.1 Signal Delay in a Distributed Cluster System............................................ 1274
34.3.3.8.2 Distributed Clusters with No Delay.................................................... 1274
34.3.3.8.3 Equalizing the Distributed Cluster System.............................................. 1275
34.3.4 Crossover Networks and Biamplification................................................. 1275
34.3.4.1 Definitions..................................................................... 1275
34.3.4.2 Advantages of a Biamplified System................................................ 1275
34.3.4.3 When to Use a Loudspeaker System with Passive Crossover.............................. 12 76
34.3.4.4 Signal Alignment in a Loudspeaker Crossover Network................................. 1276
34.3.5 Protecting the Loudspeakers........................................................... 1276
34.3.5.1 Loudspeaker Failure Modes....................................................... 1276
34.3.5.1.1 Choosing Power Amplifiers to Prevent Excessive Average Power............................ 1277
34.3.5.1.2 Loudspeaker Power Capacity Specifications............................................. 1277
34.3.5.2 Protecting against Excessive Low-Frequency Peak Power................................ 1278
34.3.5.3 Loudspeaker Protection Devices.................................................... 1278
34.3.5.3.1 Fuses............................................................................ 1278
34.3.5.3.2 Capacitors........................................................................ 1278
34.3.5.3.3 Limiters......................................................................... 1279
34.3.5.3.4 Other Protection Devices............................................................ 1279
34.3.5.3.5 Protecting against Weather, Physical Damage and Pests.................................... 1280
34.3.5.3.6 Age-Related Loudspeaker Damage.................................................... 1280
34.4 Electronic Components for Sound Reinforcement............................................. 1280
34.4.1 General Specifications fozr Sound Reinforcement.......................................... 1280
34.4.2 Mixers and Mixing Consoles.......................................................... 1280
34.4.2.1 Mix Groups, Auxiliary Groups and Matrix Mixing..................................... 1281
34.4.3 Automatic Microphone Mixing......................................................... 1282
34.4.3.1 Special Features................................................................. 1284
34.4.3.2 Applications for Automatic Mixing................................................. 1284
34.4.3.3 Mix-Minus and Matrix Mixing..................................................... 1285
34.4.3.4 Problems in Automatic Mixing..................................................... 1285
34.4.4 Signal-Processing Components......................................................... 1285
34.4.4.1 Compressors and Limiters......................................................... 1286
34.4.4.1.1 Sound System Applications for a Compressor/Limiter..................................... 1286
34.4.4.1.2 Problems with Compressor/Limiters................................................... 1286
34.4.4.2 Equalizers..................................................................... 1286
34.4.4.2.1 Graphic Equalizers................................................................. 1286
34.4.4.2.2 Boost-and-Cut Equalizers Versus Cut-Only Equalizers..................................... 1287