82125.16.6 Data Acquisition.................................................................... 942
25.16.7 Control A/D Conversion: Central or Distributed?.......................................... 945
25.16.8 Recall Display...................................................................... 945
25.16.9 Nulling............................................................................ 946
25.16.10 Resetting Functions................................................................. 946
25.16.11 Motorized Pots and Faders........................................................... 946
25.16.12 Resolvers......................................................................... 947
25.16.13 Control Surfaces................................................................... 948
25.16.13.1 The Single Channel Concept...................................................... 948
25.16.13.2 Commercial Console Control Surfaces.............................................. 949
25.16.13.3 Control Surface Intelligence...................................................... 951
25.16.13.4 Multiuser, Multifunction......................................................... 952
25.16.14 Goodbye Jackfields, Hello Routing..................................................... 952
25.16.15 Integrated Control of Outboard Gear................................................... 953
25.16.16 Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs)................................................... 953
25.17 Digital Consoles....................................................................... 953
25.17.1 Digital Audio Systems................................................................ 954
25.18 converters............................................................................ 954
25.18.1 A/D Conversion..................................................................... 954
25.18.1.1 Resolution..................................................................... 954
25.18.1.2 Sampling Rate.................................................................. 955
25.18.1.3 Convertor Limitations and Requirements............................................. 955
25.18.1.4 AntiAliasing Filters.............................................................. 956
25.18.1.5 Types of A/D converters.......................................................... 956
25.18.2 Digital-to-Analog Conversion (DAC).................................................... 957
25.18.2.1 Conventional Ladder DACs....................................................... 957
25.18.2.2 Reconstruction Filters............................................................ 958
25.18.2.3 Oversampling................................................................... 958
25.18.2.4 Sigma-Delta DACs.............................................................. 958
25.18.3 Sample-Rate converters (SRCs)........................................................ 958
25.19 Digital Signal Processors................................................................ 959
25.19.1 Multiplier/Accumulator (MAC)........................................................ 959
25.19.2 Instruction Cycles................................................................... 959
25.19.3 Processor Types..................................................................... 960
25.19.4 Floating Point...................................................................... 960
25.19.5 Parallelism......................................................................... 961
25.19.6 Multiple Memory Spaces............................................................. 961
25.19.7 Real-Time Specific Peripherals......................................................... 961
25.20 Time Processing in DSP................................................................. 961
25.20.1 Time Manipulation.................................................................. 961
25.20.2 Delay............................................................................. 961
25.20.3 Echo, Echo, Echo................................................................... 962
25.20.4 Reverberation...................................................................... 962
25.20.5 Averaging......................................................................... 962
25.21 DSP Filtering and Equalization............................................................ 963
25.21.1 Transversal, Blumlein, or FIR Filters.................................................... 963
25.21.1.1 Impulse Response............................................................... 963
25.21.1.2 Windowing.................................................................... 964
25.21.1.3 Symmetrical FIRs............................................................... 965
25.21.2 Recursive Processing................................................................. 965