82225.21.2.1 IIR Filters..................................................................... 966
25.21.2.2 The Biquad.................................................................... 966
25.21.2.3 Coefficient Analysis............................................................. 967
25.21.2.4 Filter Quantization Distortion...................................................... 967
25.21.2.5 Cascaded Biquads............................................................... 968
25.21.3 Parametric EQ...................................................................... 968
25.21.4 Shelving EQ....................................................................... 969
25.21.5 EQ High-Frequency Response Anomalies................................................ 970
25.22 Digital Dynamics...................................................................... 970
25.22.1 Mapping Dynamics.................................................................. 971
25.22.2 Literal Dynamics.................................................................... 972
25.22.2.1 A Simple Digital Limiter......................................................... 972
25.22.2.2 Feedback-Style Limiting and Compression........................................... 973
25.22.2.3 Gating........................................................................ 973
25.22.3 Inadequate Samples for Limiters....................................................... 974
25.22.4 PreDelays, or Look-Ahead............................................................ 975
25.23 Digital Mixer Architectures.............................................................. 975
25.23.1 The Sea of DSPs approach (sometimes known as a Sharc Tank)............................... 975
25.23.2 A Practical Digital Mixer............................................................. 976
25.23.2.1 Serial Audio Format............................................................. 976
25.23.2.2 Inputs......................................................................... 976
25.23.2.3 Mix Stage..................................................................... 976
25.23.2.4 Mix Code...................................................................... 977
25.23.2.5 Universal Mix Buses............................................................. 978
25.23.2.6 Coefficient Compounding......................................................... 979
25.23.2.7 Coefficient Slewing.............................................................. 979
25.23.2.8 Clocking...................................................................... 979
25.23.3 Signal-Processing Control............................................................ 980
25.23.3.1 Controlling the DSPs............................................................. 980
25.23.3.2 Metering...................................................................... 980
25.23.3.3 Host Microcontroller............................................................. 981
25.24 Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs)....................................................... 981
25.24.1 The PC........................................................................... 983
25.24.2 MIDI Sequencing—Where It Began.................................................... 983
25.24.3 DAW Audio Ins and Outs............................................................. 984
25.24.4 DAW Internal Audio Paths............................................................ 984
25.24.5 Plug-Ins........................................................................... 984
25.24.6 DAW Limitations................................................................... 985
25.25 Moving Digital Audio Around............................................................ 985
25.25.1 Moving Audio—small-scale........................................................... 986
25.25.1.1 AES-3........................................................................ 986
25.25.1.2 AES-42....................................................................... 986
25.25.2 Moving Audio—Multiple Paths........................................................ 987
25.25.2.1 AES-10—MADI................................................................ 987
25.25.2.2 ADAT........................................................................ 988
25.25.2.3 USB.......................................................................... 988
25.25.3 Digital Audio Networking............................................................ 989
25.25.3.1 CAT-5/RJ-45 interconnectivity types................................................ 989
25.25.3.2 TCP/IP—Audio over Ethernet..................................................... 989
25.25.3.2.1 Buffering Latency................................................................. 990