Psychology of Space Exploration

Psychology of Space Exploration

Table 1. Number of subjects by category.

National Origin

Sex Flew as Flew with

Male Female Minority Majority U.S. USSR/Russia

U.S. 16 10 7 19 20 6

USSR/Russia 14 0 4 10 6 8

Other*^19423 —^194

Total 49 14 34 29 45 18

• “Other” refers to crewmembers who are neither American nor Soviet/Russian. All of the
  subjects in this category flew as a minority with either American or Russian majorities.

In addition to these analyses, others were performed on disaggregations based
on mission duration (two weeks or less versus either four or six months or more)
and mission phase (portions of the narrative referring to pre-, in-, or postflight peri-
ods). In some instances, the n within one of these cells was too small for analysis,
and those scores are omitted from this report.

Dependent Variables

The scoring categories applied to the materials were as follows:

1. Value hierarchies: S. H. Schwartz defined values as having five major aspects.
   According to him, values


2. are concepts or beliefs,


3. pertain to desirable end states of behaviors,


4. transcend specific situations,


5. guide selection or evaluation of behavior and events, and


6. are ordered by relative importance.^33
   Eventually, Schwartz reported that 11 categories of values underlying stable,
   important life goals (see table 2) had been empirically shown to have cross-cultural
   generality and high reliability.


7. S. H. Schwartz, “Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances
   and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries,” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 25 (1992): 4.