Psychology of Space Exploration

Flying with Strangers: Postmission Reflections of Multinational Space Crews

Table 2. Value categories and definitions (alphabetical order).*
Value Brief Definition
Achievement Personal success through demonstrated competence according to
social standards
Benevolence Concern for close others in everyday interaction

Conformity Inhibition of socially disruptive acts, impulses, or inclinations

Hedonism Pleasure in satisfying organismic needs

Power Social prestige/status, control over people and resources

Security Safety, harmony, stability of society, relationships, and self

Self-Direction Independent thought and action: choosing, creating, exploring

Spirituality Meaning and harmony by transcending everyday reality

Stimulation Excitement, novelty, challenge

Tradition Respect for one’s cultural/religious customs and ideas

Understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection of the

welfare of all people and of nature

Universalism

• Adapted from Schwartz, “Universals in the Content and Structure of Values”: 5–12.

One way to group the values is to distinguish between those that serve individ-
ual interests and those that serve collective interests: Achievement, Hedonism, and
Self-Direction versus Conformity, Security, and Tradition. The emphasis on indi-
vidual versus collective cultural values is generally thought to separate American
and Soviet cultures; a comparison between the two groups of values across the fli-
ers representing the two national space agencies can be an interesting way to check
on this widespread view.
The value scores reported in the current paper reflect the number of times the
source person mentioned experiencing, advancing, or identifying with values in
that category per page or section of text in the source material.