The president’s current budget is available at www
.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget; the Federal Register can be
found at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/fr; and Government Account-
ability Offi ce reports are available at http://www.gao.gov.
The video Allen’s Listening Tour is available at http://youtube
.com/watch?v=9G7gq7GQ71c (accessed 2/26/08).
The Washington Post has an archive of previous online dis-
cussions at “Post Politics Hour,” September 30, 2009, www
.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/09/30/
LI2005093000746.html (accessed 6/1/12).
Geoff rey A. Fowler and Carol Lee. 2011. “At Facebook Town
Hall, Obama Goes on Off ensive.” http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB10001424052748703838004576275580143706192.html,
April 20, 2011 (accessed 6/1/12).
For a skeptical introduction to this argument, see the proceed-
ings of “MeetUp, Craigslist, eBay: Has the Web Changed Poli-
tics?,” a conference at the Harvard School of Law, December
9–11, 2004, http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/is2k4/home (accessed
6/1/12).
Bruce Bimber, “Information and Political Engagement in
America: The Search for Eff ects of Information Technology at
the Individual Level,” Political Research Quarterly 54 (2001):
53–67; Caroline J. Tolbert and Ramona S. McNeal, “Unrav-
eling the Eff ects of the Internet on Political Participation,”
Political Research Quarterly 56 (2003): 175–85.
Pew Research Center, “Public Knowledge of Current Aff airs
Little Changed by News and Information Revolutions,”
April 15, 2007, http://www.people-press.org/reports/display.php3
?ReportID = 319 (accessed 2/28/08).
Shanto Iyengar and Kyu S. Hahn, “Red Media, Blue Media:
Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use,” Journal of
Communication 59 (2009): 19–39.
Eric Lawrence, John Sides, and Henry Farrell, “Self-Segregation
or Deliberation? Blog Readership, Participation, and Polariza-
tion in American Politics,” Perspectives on Politics 8 (2010):
141–57.
Markus Prior, Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice
Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes
Elections (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Peter Braestrup, Big Story: How the American Press and Tele-
vision Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Viet-
nam (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983).
For an extended discussion of the fairness doctrine and related
issues, see “Fairness Doctrine: U.S. Broadcasting Policy,”
Morris P. Fiorina, Samuel J. Abrams, and Jeremy C. Pope, Cul-
ture War? The Myth of a Polarized America (New York: Long-
man, 2002).
For a review of the literature on trust in government, see
Karen Cook, Russell Hardin, and Margaret Levi, Cooperation
without Trust (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2005);
Marc J. Hetherington, Why Trust Matters: Declining Political
Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 2004).
William T. Bianco, Trust: Representatives and Constituents
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994).
Sean M. Theriault, The Power of the People: Congressional
Competition, Public Attention, and Voter Retribution (Colum-
bus: Ohio State University Press, 2005).
John R. Hibbing and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, Congress as
Public Enemy: Public Attitudes toward American Political
Institutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
Thomas Rudolph and Jillian Evans, “Political Trust, Ideol-
ogy, and Public Support for Government Spending,” American
Journal of Political Science 49 (2005): 660–71.
Patricia Moy and Michael Pfau, With Malice toward All?
The Media and Public Confi dence in Democratic Institutions
(Boulder, CO: Praeger, 2000).
Robert S. Erikson, Michael B. Mackuen, and James A. Stim-
son, The Macro Polity (New York: Cambridge University
Press, 2002).
James A. Stimson, Public Opinion in America: Moods, Swings,
and Cycles (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999).
Robert S. Erikson, Michael B. Mackuen, and James A. Stim-
son, “American Politics: The Model” (unpublished manu-
script, Columbia University, 2000).
See, for example, Pew Research Center, “Iraq Looms Large in
Nationalized Election,” October 5, 2006, http://www.people-press
.org/ reports/display.php3?ReportID=290 (accessed 6/1/12),
as well as data at www.polling report.com.
Larry Bartels, “Constituency Opinion and Congressional Pol-
icy Making: The Reagan Defense Buildup, American Political
Science Review 85 (June 1991): 457–74; Jonathan Kastellec,
Jeff rey R. Lax, and Justin H. Phillips, “Public Opinion and
Senate Confi rmation of Supreme Court Nominees,” Journal of
Politics 72 (2010): 767–84.
Lawrence R. Jacobs and Robert Y. Shapiro, Politicians Don’t
Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic
Responsiveness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
Brandice Canes-Wrone, Who Leads Whom: Presidents, Policy,
and the Public (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
Thom Shanker and David S. Cloud, “The Reach of War: Bush’s
Plan for Iraq Runs into Opposition in Congress,” New York
Times, January 12, 2007, p. A1.
See, for example, James J. Cramer, “Newspapers Still Stum-
ble Online,” RealMoney.com, May 2, 2005, http://www.thestreet.
com/p/_rms/rmoney/jamesjcramer/10221101.html (accessed
2/26/08).
Paul Starr, “Reclaiming the Air,” The American Prospect,
March 2004, pp. 57–61.
