ENDNOTES A41- For a discussion of Johnson’s decision, see Robert A. Caro, The
Path to Power (New York: Knopf, 1983). - Thomas Mann and Norman Ornstein, The Permanent Cam-
paign and Its Future (Washington, DC: American Enterprise
Institute, 2000). - David Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973). - Jonathan Krasno and Donald P. Green, “The Dynamics of
Campaign Fundraising in House Elections,” Journal of Poli-
tics 56 (1991): 459–74. - Michael J. Goff , The Money Primary: The New Politics of the
Early Presidential Nomination Process (New York: Rowman &
Littlefi eld, 2007). - Chris Cillizza, “Consulting Firms Face Confl ict in 2008,” Roll
Call, June 20, 2005. p. 1. - Matt Bai, “Turnout Wins Elections,” New York Times Maga-
zine, December 14, 2003, p. 100. - Christopher Drew, “New Telemarketing Ploy Steers Voters on
Republican Path,” New York Times, November 6, 2006. - Michael Shear and Richard A. Oppel, “For Perry, a Cringe-
Worthy Gaff e,” New York Times, http://thecaucus.blogs
.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/for-perry-a-cringe-worthy-gaff e/,
November 9, 2011 (accessed 10/19/12). - For a history of presidential debates, see the Commission on
Presidential Debates site, http://www.debates.org (accessed 10/19/12). - Molly Ball, “This Year’s Attack Ads Cut Deeper,” Politico, Octo-
ber 17, 2010, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1010/43698
.html (accessed 10/19/12). - For a video library of presidential campaign ads, see Museum
of the Moving Image, “The Living Room Candidate: Presiden-
tial Campaign Commercials 1952–2012,” http://livingroom-
candidate.org (accessed 10/19/12). - For examples of this argument, see Thomas Patterson, The
Vanishing Voter (New York: Knopf, 2002); Jules Witcover,
No Way to Pick a President: How Money and Hired Guns Have
Debased American Politics (London: Routledge, 2001). - For examples of these and other campaign ads, see “Most
Intriguing Campaign Ads of 2010,” ABC News, http://
abcnews.go.com/politics/slideshow/intriguing-political
-ads-2010-10887147 (accessed 10/19/12). - Steven Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar, Going Negative:
How Political Advertisements Shrink and Polarize the Elector-
ate (New York: Free Press, 1997); Richard Lau, Lee Sigelman,
Caroline Heldman, and Paul Babbitt, “The Eff ects of Negative
Political Advertisements: A Meta-Analytic Analysis,” Ameri-
can Political Science Review 93 (1999): 851–70. - Paul Freeman, Michael Franz, and Kenneth Goldstein, “Cam-
paign Advertising and Democratic Citizenship,” American
Journal of Political Science 48 (2004): 723–41. - Constantine J. Spilotes and Lynn Vavreck, “Campaign Adver-
tising: Partisan Convergence or Divergence,” Journal of Poli-
tics 64 (2002): 249–61. - Kathleen Hall Jameson, Packaging the Presidency: A History
and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1996). - Data compiled from Center for Responsive Politics, “Politi-
cal Parties Overview: Election Cycle 2012,” http://www.opensecrets
.org/parties/index.php (accessed 11/2/12). - Patricia Zapor, “Pro-life Democrats Describe Lonely Role,
but See Improvements,” Catholic News Service, July 28, 2004,
http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0404122.htm
(accessed 3/27/08). - See http://www.lp.org/our-history (accessed 6/5/12).
- Pew Research & American Life Project surveys 2000-2009,”
available at http://www.pewinternet.org/static-pages/trend-data/
online-activities-20002009.aspx (accessed 12/1/09). - See http://www.constitutionparty.com/party_platform.php (accessed
6/5/12).
You Decide
a. Nelson Polsby, Consequences of Party Reform (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1983).
b. Daniel A. Smith and Caroline J. Tolbert, Educated by Initia-
tive: The Eff ects of Direct Democracy on Citizens and Political
Organizations in the American States (Ann Arbor: University
of Michigan Press, 2004).
CHAPTER 7- Morris P. Fiorina, Retrospective Voting in American National
Elections (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981); V. O.
Key, The Responsible Electorate (New York: Vintage, 1966). - David Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973). - For details on early voting, see the Early Voting Information
Center site, http://earlyvoting.net/ (accessed 10/19/12). - See http://www.cnn.com/ELECTIONS (accessed 10/19/12).
- For details, see the Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project
site, http://www.vote.caltech.edu (accessed 10/19/12). - Randall Stross, “The Big Gamble on Electronic Voting,” New
York Times, September 24, 2006. p. 3. - Minor party candidates are typically selected during party
conventions. - Barbara Norrander, “Presidential Nomination Politics in the
Post-Reform Era,” Political Research Quarterly 49 (1996):
875–90. - Larry Bartels, Presidential Primaries and the Dynamics of
Public Choice (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
1988). - For a discussion of the 2004 conventions, see Kennedy School
of Government, Campaigning for President: The Managers
Look at 2004 (New York: Rowman & Littlefi eld, 2005). - FairVote, “Maine and Nebraska,” http://www.fairvote.org/e_college/
me_ne.htm (accessed 10/19/12). - James Q. Wilson, “Is the Electoral College Worth Saving?”
Slate, November 3, 2000, http://www.slate.com/id/92663 (accessed
10/19/12). - Steven Ansolabehere and Allan Gerber, “Incumbency Advan-
tage and the Persistence of Legislative Majorities,” Legislative
Studies Quarterly 22 (1997): 161–80.