A42 ENDNOTES
- For 2006 exit poll data, see Pew Research Center, “Public Cheers
Democratic Victory,” November 16, 2006, http://people-press
.org/reports/display .php3?ReportID=296 (accessed 10/19/12). - For data on presidential approval and evaluations of Con-
gress in normal and nationalized elections, see Pew Research
Center, “Democrats Hold Double-Digit Lead in Competitive
Districts,” October 6, 2006, http://people-press .org/reports/
display.php3?ReportID=293 (accessed 10/19/12). - Pew Research Center, “Midterm Snapshot: Enthusiasm for
Obama Reelection Bid Greater Than for Reagan in 1982,”
October 25, 2010, http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1778/public
-split-on-obama-run-in-2012-but -better-than-reagan-outlook
-in-1982?src=prc-latest&proj=forum (accessed 10/19/12). - Amanda Terkel, “The One-Person Funded Super-PAC: How
Wealthy Donors Can Skirt Campaign Finance Restrictions,”
Huffi ngton Post, October 22, 2010, http://www.huffi ngtonpost.com/
2010/10/21/super-pac-taxpayers- earmarks-concerned-citizens
-campaign-fi nance_n_772214.html (accessed 10/19/12). - Amy Gardner, “Gauging the Scope of the Tea Party Movement
in America,” Washington Post, October 24, 2010, p. A1.
CHAPTER 8- Capital Eye Blog, “TARP Recipients Paid Out $114 Million for
Politicking Last Year,” February 4, 2009, http://www.opensecrets
.org/news/2009/02/tarp-recipients-paid-out-114-m.html
(accessed 9/18/12). - see also Joe Weisenthal, “Congressmen: Yep, Wall Street
Owns Washington,” June 4, 2009, http://www.businessinsider.com/
congressman-yep-wall-street-owns-washington-2009-6
(accessed 8/28/09). - Robert H. Salisbury, John P. Heinz, Edward O. Laumann, and
Robert L. Nelson, “Who Works with Whom? Interest Group
Alliances and Opposition,” American Political Science Review
81 (1987): 1217–34. - Business-Industry Political Action Committee, “About
BIPAC,” http://www.bipac.org/about/about.asp (accessed 4/8/08). - James Q. Wilson, Political Organizations (New York: Basic
Books, 1974). - American Automobile Association, Foundation for Traffi c
Safety, http://www.aaafoundation.org/home (accessed 4/8/08). - Scott Ainsworth, “Regulating Lobbyists and Interest Group
Infl uence,” Journal of Politics 55 (1993): 41–55. - Scott Ainsworth, Analyzing Interest Groups: Group Infl uence
on People and Policies (New York: Norton, 2002) - Timothy Egan, “For Thirsty Farmers, Old Friends at Interior,”
New York Times, March 3, 2006, p. A1. - Public Citizen Congress Watch, “Congressional Revolving
Doors: The Journey from Congress to K Street,” July 2005,
http://www.lobbyinginfo.org/documents/RevolveDoor.pdf (accessed
4/9/08). - Eric Lipton, “Former Antiterror Offi cials Find Industry Pays
Better,” New York Times, June 18, 2006, p. A1. - Lobbying regulations are often changed; the discussion here
is just a general guide. Regular reports on past, current, and - Jonathan Krasno and Frank J. Sorauf, “For the Defense,” Polit-
ical Science and Politics 37 (2004): 777–80. - Brian Stelter, “The Price of 30 Seconds,” New York Times, Octo-
ber 1, 2007, http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/
10/01/the-price-of-30-seconds (accessed 10/19/12). - For a review of this literature, see Michael Malbin, The Elec-
tion after Reform: Money, Politics, and the Bipartisan Cam-
paign Reform Act (Washington, DC: Roman & Littlefi eld,
2006). - For a discussion, see Patterson, The Vanishing Voter, espe-
cially Chapter 1, “The Incredible Shrinking Electorate,”
pp. 3–22. - William H. Riker and Peter Ordeshook, “A Theory of the Cal-
culus of Voting,” American Political Science Review 62 (1968):
25–39. - Michael McDonald, “The United States Elections Project,”
http://elections .gmu.edu (accessed 10/19/12). - Pew Research Center, “Regular Voters, Intermittent Voters,
and Those Who Don’t,” October 18, 2006, http://www.people-press
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Information Processing during Electoral Campaigns (New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2006). - Gary Cox and Jonathan Katz, “Why Did the Incumbency
Advantage in U.S. House Elections Grow?” American Journal
of Political Science 40 (1996): 478–96. - Charles Franklin, “Eschewing Obfuscation: Campaigns and
the Perceptions of U.S. Senate Incumbents,” American Politi-
cal Science Review 85 (December, 1991): 1193–214; Wendy
M. Rahn, “The Role of Partisan Stereotypes in Information
Processing about Political Candidates,” American Journal of
Political Science 37 (May 1993): 472–96. - Bruce Cain, John Ferejohn, and Morris Fiorina, The Personal
Vote (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985). - Jeff rey Koch, “Gender Stereotypes and Citizens’ Impres-
sions of House Candidates’ Ideological Orientations,” Ameri-
can Journal of Political Science 46 (2002): 453–62; Monica
McDermott, “Candidate Occupations and Voter Information,”
Journal of Politics 67 (2005): 201–18; Carol Sigelman, Lee
Sigelman, Barbara Walkosz, and Michael Nitz, “Black Candi-
dates, White Voters: Understanding Racial Bias in Political
Perceptions,” American Journal of Political Science 39 (Febru-
ary 1995): 243–65. - Fiorina, Retrospective Voting in American National Elections;
Key, The Responsible Electorate. - Alfred J. Tuchfarber, Stephen E. Bennett, Andrew E. Smith,
and Eric W. Rademacher, “The Republican Tidal Wave of
1994: Testing Hypotheses about Realignment, Restructur-
ing, and Rebellion,” Political Science and Politics 28 (1995):
689–93. - Samuel Popkin, The Reasoning Voter (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1991). - Richard R. Lau and David P. Redlawsk, “Advantages and Dis-
advantages of Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Mak-
ing,” American Journal of Political Science 45 (2001): 951–71.