A78 INDEX
Schultz, Debbie Wasserman, 163
Scott, Dred, 65
SCOTUSblog (Supreme Court blog), 148
scrutiny, 98
searches and seizures, 72, 91, 93, 95, 96,
110–13, 119
Seattle, Wash., 405
secession, 64, 257, 295, 392
Second Amendment, 94, 96, 96, 109
Second Continental Congress, 25–26, 26
second party system, 164, 165–66, 169
Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC), 436
security, 7, 59, 60, 72, 91, 102, 102, 109,
112–13, 119
collective, 473
foreign policy treaties and, 476, 487
see also defense
segregation, 66, 67, 72, 393, 396, 399
de jure vs. de facto, 404–5
separate but equal doctrine and, 393,
394, 403–4
select committees, 277
selective incentives, 234
selective incorporation, 95–96, 96–97
self-incrimination, 72, 96, 110, 113–14, 116
self-rule, constitutional importance of, 28
Seminole Tribe v. Florida, 77
Senate, U.S., 162, 172, 414, 472, 482
”advice and consent” of, 40, 40, 47
Agriculture Committee of, 277, 278
appointments confi rmed by, 298, 300,
337, 341, 342, 367, 368, 370–72
Appropriations Committee of, 284
Bill of Rights creation in, 94
bills in, 284
Budget Committee of, 284, 285
constituencies in elections for, 194
Constitutional Convention and,
28, 32, 35
constitutional requirements of
candidates for, 197
creation of laws in, 99
Democratic control of, 218, 305, 419
in economic policy making, 443, 443
election to, 193–94, 195
equal apportionment of states’ votes
in, 45
fi libuster in, 371
Foreign Relations Committee in, 477
House vs., 257–58
ideological distribution in, 279
impeachment and, 318
incumbents in, 270
Intelligence Committee of, 477
Iraq War and, 478
Judiciary Committee of, 40, 285, 371
League of Nations and, 296
majority in, 191
party ideological diff erences and
polarization in, 172–73
president pro tempore of, 274, 311
Republican control of, 74, 143, 182, 297,
305, 312, 334
roll call votes in, 274
rules and procedures in, 12
Rules Committee of, 285, 286
treaties approved by, 303
veto overridden by, 304
vice president’s presiding over, 313
see also Congress, U.S.; House of
Representatives, U.S.
Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Aff airs
Committee, 288
senatorial courtesy, 370
Seneca Falls Convention (1848), 16, 400
senior citizens, 169
Senior Executive Service (SES), 341
seniority, 272
”separate but equal” doctrine, 168, 334, 393,
394, 403–4
separation of church and state, 96, 104–6
separation of powers, 8, 48, 107
Articles of Confederation structuring
of, 26
confl ict over, 57, 62, 63–64
constitutional framework for, 38–42
issue at Constitutional Convention of, 31,
31, 32, 34, 37
James Madison’s view on, 29, 31
Supreme Court in, 380–81
separatism, racial, 16
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 72, 83,
111, 112–13, 129, 130, 142, 273, 468,
474, 484
foreign policy impacted by, 474,
476–77, 489
G. W. Bush’s response to, 304
immigration issue and, 418
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, see G.I. Bill
Sessions, Jeff , 371
Seventeenth Amendment, 257
Seventh Amendment, 94, 97
sex discrimination, see gender discrimination
sexual discrimination, 412
sexual harassment, 361, 408
Shaw v. R Eno, 406
Shays’s Rebellion, 27, 27
Shepard, Matthew, 414
Sherman, Roger, 37
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 295–96,
332, 444
Sierra Club, 233, 238
signing statement, 317
Simpson, O. J., 362
Simpsons, The, 127
single-issue groups, 232
single-member districts, 194
sit-ins, 401–2, 403
Sixteenth Amendment, 44, 45
Sixth Amendment, 94, 96, 110, 114–15
sixth party system, 164, 168, 169
slander, 103
slant, 152, 153
slavery, 29, 30, 33, 34–36, 34, 35, 36, 44, 64,
65–66, 65, 95, 98, 258
civil rights and, 392–93
compromises on, 295, 392
Dred Scott and, 359, 392–93
Emancipation Proclamation and, 295
party systems aligned over issue of, 166,
167, 169Smith, David, 93
Snyder, Albert, 90
Snyder, Matthew, 90
Socialist Party, U.S., 95, 98
social media sites, 204
social networking sites, 148
social policy, 16, 68
defi nition of, 448
on education, 433, 448, 450, 461
government spending on, 449, 451–52,
456–57, 459–61
on health care, 455–59
history and background of, 449–50
Hurricane Katrina and, 428
income support and welfare programs
in, 449, 459–61, 460
key players in formation of, 428, 432,
433–34
market-based solutions in, 459
poverty impacted by, 451, 451, 452
process in formation of, 427–29, 462
Social Security and, 427, 432, 434, 448,
449, 450, 452–55, 453
welfare reform and, 432, 460
social regulation, 444–45
Social Security, 9, 23, 263, 294, 427, 432, 434,
439, 440, 448, 449, 450, 450, 451,
452–55, 453, 456–57
fi scal problems of, 452–54, 454,
456–57, 458
intergenerational inequalities created
by, 453
1983 Amendments to, 453
pay-as-you-go nature of, 453, 455
privatization of, 455
reform of, 432, 450, 452, 453, 454–55
spending for, 337, 439
trust fund of, 453–54, 454
Social Security Act (1935), 333, 459
Social Security Administration, 338,
432, 453
social services:
government provision of, 9, 75, 79, 82,
83, 129
ideological views on, 14, 16
state diff erences in, 62, 82
see also welfare
sodomy, 410
soft money, 100, 208
solicitor general, 375
solidary benefi ts, 234
Solyndra Corporation, 307
Somalia, 474
Sotomayor, Sonia, 40, 364, 370, 370, 377, 380,
380, 381, 415
Souter, David, 380
South, 98
civil rights in, 393
economic interests of, 30
Jim Crow laws in, 393
secession of, 64, 295, 392
segregation in, 66, 67, 393
slavery and, 34–36, 64, 65, 95, 98,
392–93, 393
states’ rights and, 64
voting history of, 16, 73, 76, 130, 168