Book 16, fr.12). The population was mixed, but the culture was fully Greek. Probably an
Ionian ally against Darius, and then allied with Athens in the 5th c. BCE, sacked by Sparta
412 BCE, destroyed by Lysander 405 BCE, rebuilt with help from Knidos. By 125 BCE under
Rome (in the province of Asia), prosperous into the 2nd c. CE. PECS 401 – 402, C. Laviosa;
OCD3 744, A.J.S. Spawforth and Ch. Roueché; BAGRW 61-F3; BNP 6 (2005) 687–688,
H. Kaletsch.
D, L.
Ilion (mod. Hisarlık; 39 ̊ 58 ’ N, 26 ̊ 14 ’ E): the traditional site of H’s Troy, refounded
by Aiolians ca 700 BCE. Xerxe ̄s, Alexander of Macedon, and Antiokhos III (192 BCE)
prayed for victory at the temple of Athena. Under Pergamon 227 – 133 BCE. Destroyed
by Flauius Fimbria of Rome 85 BCE; later rebuilt and patronized by Roman emperors.
BAGRW 56-C2; NP 12/1.852–857, D. Mannsperger.
P.
Illyria: loosely-defined region, the eastern Adriatic coast north of E ̄peiros; subjected
to or influenced by Macedon in the 4th–3rd centuries BCE; under Rome from 167 BCE.
OCD3 747, J.J. Wilkes.
Sites: Durrakhion, Salona.
People: G, S (?).
Indos (Lukia) (mod. Çukurhisar?; approx. 36 ̊ 40 ’ N, 28 ̊ 20 ’ E): a river, on which a fort
Thabusion (Livy 38.14.2); perhaps Isinda, Lindos, or some other city is meant. BAGRW
65-A4; BNP 6 (2005) 794, E. Olshausen.
A.
Ioulis on Keo ̄s (mod. Khora; 37 ̊ 40 ’ N, 26 ̊ 19 ’ E): nearest of the Kuklades/Cyclades
islands to Attika, Ioulis the chief town. Prosperous in the late 6th to early 5th c. BCE; allied
with Athens in the 5th c. BCE. PECS 446 – 447, J.L. Caskey; OCD3 311, R.W.V. Catling;
BAGRW 58-G2; BNP 3 (2003) 129–130, H. Kaletsch and Ernst Meyer. (Since Aiskhulide ̄s
is only attested to be from the island, he may well have been from one of the smaller cities,
e.g., Karthaia.)
A, A, E, K.
Italy/Italia: approximately the mainland of the modern country; included many smaller
regions, esp. Etruria, Lucania, and Transpadana; most of the cities of the south were
Hellenized or even Greek foundations; north of Rome and Etruria dominated by the
Etruscans; the Po Valley by Celts. Rome methodically subjugated the Italic peoples of
the central peninsula from the 6th c. BCE; Etruria from the early 4th c. BCE; and most of
the Greek cities of the south Italy during 270– 212 BCE. Revolts of the early 1st c. BCE
resulted in extensions of Roman citizenship throughout Italy. Declined in importance
from ca 100 CE, and esp. after ca 200 CE; Diocletian/Maximian relocated the capital to
Mediolanum, 293 CE. In the aftermath of the Gothic invasion under Alaric 401 CE,
Honorius moved the capital to Ravenna, ca 403 CE; Alaric sacked Rome, 410 CE. Under
Gothic rule from 488 CE; partly reconquered by Buzantion 536 CE; invaded by Lombards
568 CE. OCD3 773 – 774, E.T. Salmon and T.W. Potter; BNP 6 (2005) 994–1101, G. Uggeri
and J. Niehoff.
Sites: Amiternum, Arpinum, Beneventum, Campi Macri, Elea, Firmum
Picenum, Kroto ̄n, Lokroi Epizephurioi, Mantua, Mediolanum, Medma,
Metapontion, Neapolis, Nola, Nouum Comum, Ostia, Poseido ̄nia, Prae-
neste, Puteoli, Ravenna, Reate, Rhe ̄gion, Rome, Rudiae, Scylletium,
Spoletium, Subaris, Sulmo, Taras, Tusculum, Verona, Volsinii.
GAZETTEER