People: M (?), P (?).Ituke ̄ ⇒ Utica
Jerusalem (mod. Jerusalem; 31 ̊ 47 ’ N, 35 ̊ 13 ’ E): ancient Jewish city; Antiokhos IV’s
efforts to impose the worship of Zeus in 167 BCE incited revolt, resulting in an indepen-
dent Jewish kingdom. Besieged by Pompey in 63 BCE, and Hellenized under Herod. After
revolts in the 40s and 60s, F T sacked the city and destroyed the temple.
Refounded as a military colony by Hadrian after the revolt of 135 CE, the wall rebuilt by
Diocletian; heavily Christianized by Constantine (325 CE) and later. PECS 12 – 13 (s.v. Aelia
Capitolina), K.M. Kenyon; ODB 1033 – 1036, K.G. Holum and G. Vikan; OCD3 794 – 795,
T. Rajak; BAGRW 70-G2; BNP 6 (2005) 1169–1177, K. Bieberstein; EJ2 11.143–153,
Sh. Gibson et al.
K (?).
Kalkhe ̄do ̄n ⇒ Khalke ̄do ̄n
Kallatis (mod. Mangalia; 43 ̊ 49 ’ N, 28 ̊ 35 ’ E): fertile grain-land, colonized from and
west of He ̄rakleia Pontike ̄ ca 6th c. BCE. Supplied grain to Athens in the 4th c. BCE.
Heavily taxed by L whom the citizens resisted in 313 and 310 BCE. Then under
the Skuthians sided with M VI against Rome, but became a ciuitas, suffered
from numerous invasions, but enjoyed revival under Diocletian and reconstruction in the
Byzantine era. PECS 431 – 432, D. Adamesteanu; BAGRW 22-F5; BNP 2 (2003) 959,
J. Burian.
D, H, S.
Kapitthaka (mod. Kaïtha 20 km east of Ujjain; 23 ̊ 14 ’ N, 76 ̊ 01 ’ E): small town near
the prime meridian for Hindu geography; under the S ́akas from the 2nd–4th centuries
CE; center of learning in the 6th–7th centuries CE (Brahmagupta also worked here).
J. Schwartzberg et al., A Historical Atlas of South Asia, 2nd ed. (1992) grid D5 on maps 18–21,
25 – 26, and pp. 171–172.
V.
Kappadokia: north of Tauros mountains, east of Halus river, west of Armenia; did not
resist Alexander of Macedon; then influenced or dominated by Macedon and the
Seleukids; declared free by Rome 96 BCE. Made a province of Rome from 18 CE, capital
Caesarea; in 371 CE, split into two provinces, capitals at Caesarea and Tuana. OCD3
288 – 289, T.R.S. Broughton and A.J.S. Spawforth.
Sites: Caesarea, Borissos, Kastabala, Laranda, Nazianzos, Nussa, Tuana.
People: A H, A, A, C, H.
Kardia (mod. Baklaburnu or Bakla Liman; 40 ̊ 32 ’ N, 26 ̊ 45 ’ E): on the north face of the
Thrakian Khersone ̄sos, north-east of Lampsakos, founded in 7th c. BCE by Mile ̄tos
and Klazomenai, colonized by Athens (under the elder Miltiade ̄s) in the 6th c. BCE,
abandoned to Persia in 493 BCE but restored to Athenian hegemony by mid-5th c. Allied
with Philip II of Macedon in 352 BCE, destroyed by L ca 309 BCE, but rebuilt
(as Lusimakheia) and became the largest city of the region by the 1st c. BCE. OCD3 290,
E.N. Borza; BAGRW 51-H3; BNP 2 (2003) 1093–1094, I. von Bredow.
H.
GAZETTEER