Keo ̄s ⇒ Ioulis
Kerkura (mod. Kerkura, i.e., “Corfu”; 39 ̊ 40 ’ N, 19 ̊ 45 ’ E): island in Ionian sea off western
coast of E ̄peiros, occupied from Neolithic era. In 734 BCE, Corinth established a colony,
which then opposed the metropolis, fighting a naval battle in ca 660 BCE, and allying with
Athens. Was (and remains) an important port for sailing between Greece and Italy, dis-
puted by various Hellenistic potentates, coming under Rome in 189 BCE. Backed the losing
sides in the Roman Civil Wars. PECS 449 – 450, L.V. Borrelli; OCD3 389, W.M. Murray;
BAGRW 54-A2; BNP 3 (2003) 783–786, D. Strauch.
A, D, E.
Khairo ̄neia/Chairo ̄neia (mod. Kapraina/Khaironia; 38 ̊ 30 ’ N, 22 ̊ 51 ’ E): westernmost
city of Boio ̄tia (east of Delphi, and across Lake Kopais from The ̄bai), member of the
Boio ̄tian League 424– 146 BCE; site of two defeats: of the Greeks by Philip II of Macedon
338 BCE, and of M VI by Sulla of Rome 86 BCE. Destroyed by the earth-
quake of 551 CE (cf. Be ̄rutos). PECS 215 – 216, P. Roesch; OCD3 315, J. Buckler; BAGRW
55-D4; BNP 3 (2003) 176–177, P. Funke.
P.
Khaldea/Chaldea: south and coastal end of Mesopotamia, and the region around the
head of the Persian Gulf; next to or possibly including the region around Babylo ̄n. Cf.
B. BNP 3 (2003) 182–183, J. Oelsner.
Sites: Kharax “Spasinou,” Nehardea, Seleukeia.
People: D.
Khalke ̄do ̄n (mod. Kadıköy; 40 ̊ 59 ’ N, 29 ̊ 02 ’ E): on the eastern bank of the Bosporos,
occupied by Phoenicians and Thrakians, colony founded by Megara in 685 BCE. Allied
with Athens in the 5th c. BCE, fell to Persia 387 BCE, freed by Alexander of Macedon.
Sought alliance with Rome in 220s BCE; resisted siege of M VI in 73 or 74
BCE. PECS 216, G.E. Bean; OCD3 315, A.J. Graham and St. Mitchell; BAGRW 52-E3.
D, H, X.
Khalkidike ̄: the three mountainous peninsular “fingers” extending from the coast of
Macedon/Thrake ̄; Greek settlers from Khalkis founded some 30 colonies here (dis-
placing or subjecting the natives); more were founded from Eretria. Allied with Athens
in the mid-5th c. BCE, revolted 432 BCE, and founded an autonomous confederacy with
its capital at Olunthos (T 1.58); by 380 BCE the confederacy controlled
Pella. Instigated by Sparta, Philip II of Macedon destroyed Olunthos and the con-
federacy in 348 BCE; thence until 168 BCE a semi-autonomous region within the kingdom
of Macedon. OCD3 315 – 316, C.F. Edson and N.G.L. Hammond; BNP 3 (2003) 179–180,
M. Zahrnt.
Sites: Kassandreia, Mende ̄, Olunthos, Stageira.
People: X.
Khalkis (mod. Khalkis, formerly Negroponte; 38 ̊ 28 ’ N, 23 ̊ 36 ’ E): ancient city in Euboia,
metalworking center controlling the Euripos channel at its narrowest. Colonized Italy and
Sicily in the 8th c. BCE and the north Aegean in the 7th. Opposed Xerxe ̄s; a tributary ally
of Athens from 446– 411 BCE; in the 4th c. BCE garrisoned by Philip II of Macedon.
Under Rome in 197 BCE, partly destroyed in 146 BCE for supporting the Akhaean con-
federacy against Rome. Prosperous under Rome; refortified in the 6th c. CE (Prokopios
Aed. 4.3.19). PECS 216 – 217, M.H. McAllister; OCD3 316, W.A. Laidlaw et al.; BAGRW 55-
F4; BNP 3 (2003) 181–182, H. Kaletsch. (Although Ath., Deipn. 11 [502b], and S
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