Occupied by Persia 512– 479 BCE; united by Philip II from ca 360 BCE, who dominated
Greece after the battle of Khairo ̄neia 338 BCE. His son and successor Alexander conquered
Persia including Egypt, 336– 323 BCE. After Alexander’s death, the kingdom continued to
rule northern Greece until Rome opposed Philip V (211 BCE), and then confined
Macedon to its old borders from 197 BCE; Rome abolished the kingdom and made the
territory into four provinces 167 BCE. OCD3 904 – 905, N.G.L. Hammond; BNP 8 (2006)
57 – 72, R.M. Errington and L. Duridanov.
Sites: Kurrhos, Pella, Stoboi.
People: A (?), L, L, M T, P, P,
P, T (?), Z.
Madaurus (mod. M’Daourouch; 36 ̊ 05 ’ N, 07 ̊ 49 ’ E): inland Numidian city founded
3rd c. BCE, east of Cirta and west of Sicca Veneria; part of Mauretania from 106 BCE,
then under Rome from 46 BCE, and in the province of Africa; made a colonia of veterans ca
70 – 95 CE. Although small, an intellectual hub with several schools; A was partly
educated here. PECS 541 – 542, G. Souville; OCD3 907, W.N. Weech et al.; BAGRW 32-A4;
BNP 8 (2006) 106–107, W. Huß.
A.
% Magnesia on Maiandros (mod. Tekin 3 km south of Ortaklar; 37 ̊ 51 ’ N, 27 ̊ 32 ’ E):
colony founded from the region Magnesia, in Ludia near Ephesos, Prie ̄ne ̄, and
Tralleis; refounded ca 400 BCE; sided with M against Rome, but made a
free city 84 BCE. S B, s.v. (knows only this one); PECS 544, G.E.
Bean; OCD3 912, W.M. Calder et al.; BAGRW 61-F2; BNP 8 (2006) 173 (#2), W. Blümel. It
does not seem possible to determine from which Magnesia these men came:
D, K, L, M, P, S, T.
Magnesia on Sipulos (mod. Manisa; 38 ̊ 37 ’ N, 27 ̊ 26 ’ E): colony founded from the region
Magnesia, in Ludia at the nexus of roads from the interior and the Propontis to Smurna.
Frequently changed hands in the 3rd c. BCE. The site of the decisive Roman victory over
Antiokhos III in 189 BCE; although under Rome only from 133 BCE. Reconstructed after
17 CE earthquake (compare Kume ̄, Philadelpheia [Ludia], Sarde ̄s), an important
late Byzantine military and political center. PECS 544 – 545, W.L. MacDonald; OCD3 912,
J.F. Lazenby; BAGRW 56-E4; BNP 8 (2006) 173–174 (#3), H. Kaletsch.
H.
Mallos (mod. Kızıltahta, north of Karatas ̧; 36 ̊ 45 ’ N, 35 ̊ 29 ’ E): old city of Kilikia at the
mouth of the Puramos river. After conquest by Alexander of Macedon, under the Seleukids
in the 3rd–2nd centuries BCE; briefly independent in the 2nd c. Settled with ex-pirates by
Pompey 67 BCE, accumulated honorific titles in rivalry with neighbors, especially Tarsos.
PECS 547, M. Gough; BAGRW 66-G3; BNP 8 (2006) 204, M.H. Sayar.
A, K, N, P, Z (?).
Mantua (mod. Mantova/Mantua; 45 ̊ 10 ’ N, 10 ̊ 48 ’ E): Etruscan settlement on Mincius
river in Cisalpine Gaul, south-west on road from Verona. Occupied by Gauls, then from
3rd c. BCE by Rome, which made the city a colonia and then a municipium with Latin
rights ca 80 BCE; made a ciuitas 49 BCE. PECS 550, D.C. Scavone; OCD3 919, E.T. Salmon
and D.W.R. Ridgeway; BAGRW 39-H3; BNP 8 (2006) 261–262, A. Sartori. (Contrast the
Spanish Mantua, BAGRW 24-G4.)
V.
Massalia (mod. Marseilles; 43 ̊ 17 ’ N, 05 ̊ 24 ’ E): coastal city, east of the Rhône delta,
colonized ca 600 BCE from Pho ̄kaia, an excellent harbor and commercial hub, founded
GAZETTEER