- Index
hijrah, 1 3, 18
Hinduism, ix, 108
encouraged under Akbar, 125
suppressed under Aurengzebe, 128
eighteenth-century rapproche-
ment, 128
post-Partition, 178
Hindustan, 124
Hisham I, 52
Hubal, 11
Hudaybiyyah, 23,186
Hulegu, 96, 97
Humayun, 124
Husain ibn Ali, Third Imam, 43, 56,
67
cult of, 121, 128, 159, 173, 174
Ibn Ali al-Sanusi, Muhammad, 136
Ibn al-Arabi, Muid ad-Din, 92, 101,
127
Ibn Hajj, Ali, 181
Ibn Hanbal, 65
Ibn Hazam, 83
Ibn Idris, Ahmad, 135
Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad, 49, 84
Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, 105
Ibn Rushd, Abu al-Walid Ahmad
(Averroes), 83-84
Ibn Sina, Abu Ali, 83
Ibn Taymiyyah, Ahmad, 104-5,135
Ibn al-Zubayr, Abdallah, 43
India, 32, 81, 96, 97, 107, 108
under Moghuls, 11 5, 116, 124-29
Muslims as beleaguered minority,
129-30,162
European invasion of Islamic life,
147
Partition, 149
post-Partition Muslims in, 178
Iqbal, Muhammad, 154
Iran, 31, 32, 44
supports Abbasids, 53, 69
under Turks, 81, 97; 97, 109
under Safavids, 11 5, 116
Shiism declared state religion, 117,
118,133
British and Russian intervention,
148
secularised by Pahlavis, 159-60
Revolution (1978-79), 173-75
Iraq, 27, 31, 32
support for Ali, 33, 36,43,44; 48,69
under Turks, 81; 148, 160
Irtysh, 97
Isaac, 17
Isfahan, 120,122
Islamic Conference, 175
Islamic Salvation Front see FIS
Ismail (Ishmael), 17, 23, 30
Ismail ibn Jafar, Seventh Imam, 69
Ismail Pasha, 151
Ismail, Shah, 109, 117, 118, 124
Ismailis, 69-70, 87, 90
massacred by Mongols, 97
Israel:
creation of state, 149
expansionism, 156
Istanbul, 130, 132 see also Con-
stantinople
lyah alum al-Din (al-Ghazzaii), 88
Iznik, 109Jafar al-Sadiq, Sixth Imam, 57, 66, 67,
69
Jafari madhhah, 67
Jalal al-Din, 97
Jamal al-Din see al-Afghani
Jamaat-i Islami, 162
Janissaries, 130, 150
Jerusalem, 11, 18
taken by Muslims, 29; 35,42
Dome of the Rock built, 44; 88
conquered by Crusaders, 93
taken back by Saladin, 93, 178