CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

232 CHAPTER NINE

w

t

t

t

tt

(a) (b) (c)

1

2 b

1

2 b

1

2 b^2

1

2 b^1

1

2 b^1

1

2 b^1

1

2 b^1

1

2 b^1

1

2 b^1

1

2 b^1

1

2 b^1

1

2 b

1

2 b

w

1

2 b

1

2 b

w

1

2 b

1

2 b

w

1

2 b

1

2 b

w 1 w 1 w 1

w 2 w 2

w 2

tt t

t

(e) (f)

Columns effective area for computing column factor Qa

(g)

1

2

b 2 1

2

b 2

1

2 b^2

1

2 b^2

1

2 b^2

w 1

(d)

Beams top flange in compression

1

2 b

1

2 b

w w

FIGURE 9.8 Effective width of stiffened compression elements. (Merritt–Building Con-

struction Handbook, McGraw-Hill.)