Values: are essential elements of non-material culture.
They may be defined as general, abstract
guidelines for our lives, decisions, goals,
choices, and actions
Vertical social mobility: is a type of social mobility that
individuals experience when they move from
their social status to other higher or lower social
status
Vulnerability: is a sociological concept which refers to
the characteristics of individuals and social
groups [along the lines of gender, age, ethnicity,
occupation etc;] that determine [their capacity] to
protect themselves, withstand and recover from
disasters, including health hazards based on
their access to material and non-material
resources.