nuclear division 78, 159– 60
nuclear ratio in heterokaryons
165– 6
nuclei of fungi 58, 78
chromosome counts 161
genome size 161
nutrients
adaptations for nutrient capture
79– 80, 113–15
nutrient requirements 110 et seq.
translocation in mycelial cords,
rhizomorphs 94 –7ochratoxins 133 , 137
oligotrophy 120
oogoniol 104
oogonium 41–2
Oomycota 16 , 41–3
oospore 41–2
organic acid production 12, 128
osmotic potential seewater
potential
oxalic acid – role in plant disease
147, 282, 287
oxidative burst in plant defense 290
oxygen
requirements for fungal growth
148 –52
rhizomorph growth 94 –7
terminal electron acceptor 125Panama disease of bananas 295– 6
papillae-invasion of plant walls
289–90
paramorphogens 80 –1
parasexuality/parasexual cycle
167– 8
parenthosomes 57
patulin 133– 4
pectin/pectic enzymes 169 , 286 –7
penicillins 1, 132, 133, 136 –7, 350
pentose-phosphate pathway 124
perforating organs of dermatophytes
325
peripheral growth zone of a colony
68
perithecium 27–9
pH (hydrogen ion concentration)
cytosolic 147
effects on fungi 146 – 8
growth-orientation towards
stomata 148
phalloin 65
phallotoxins 136
phenolic compounds 285, 290, 291,
293– 6
phenoloxidase 335
phenylalanine ammonia lyase 291
pheromones 103– 6
phialide 40
phosphate availability 7, 258 – 60,
275370 GENERAL INDEX
phototropism 190 –2
phyllosphere 218 –19
phylogenetic tree, universal 2– 4
phytoalexins/phytoanticipins 290 –2
Phytophthoradiseases 298 –302
pimaricin 351
pine root rot 242– 4
pisatin 291
plasmids 137, 162
plasmodiophorids 45–7
plasmodium 44
plasmogamy 31
polyene antibiotics 348 , 351–2
polygalacturonase 285– 6
polyketide pathway 133– 4
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
151
polyols (polyhydric alcohols) 6, 129
polyoxins 348 –9
population structure seemolecular
tools
potato (late) blight 7, 17, 41–3,
98 –9, 206, 279, 299–300, 339
see also Phytophthora infestans
powdery mildews 6, 30, 90, 120,
131, 204, 206, 246 –7, 302,
305– 6
prohormones of zygomycota 104 –5
proteins
gel electrophoresis 87, 286
heterologous 2, 171, 235, 286
integral membrane 58
wall 55– 6
protists 4
protoplasts 18, 45
pseudothecium 27
psilocybin 136
psychrophiles 143–5
pullulan 13
pycnidium 39
pyoluteorin 348
pyrophilous (fire-loving) fungi 186
pyrrolnitrin 348
pyruvate/pyruvic acid 122–5Quorn mycoprotein 11, 81–3
quorum sensing 239r-selected behavior 213
RAPD 170
reactive oxygen – hydrogen peroxide;
hydroxyl radical
superoxide 151–2, 290
recalcitrant polymers, degradation
217, 221–2
replant and decline diseases 283– 4
resistance, plant disease
hypersensitive response 288
induced systemic resistance (ISR)
293
pre-formed resistance factors
288 –9, 291systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
293
respiration – biochemical process,
defined 126
aerobic 125
anaerobic 126
respiratory tract (spores in) 145 ,
208 –211, 329 et seq.
restriction enzymes 170
restriction fragment length
polymorphisms (RFLP) 170
reverse transcriptase 162, 180
rhamnolipids 198 –9
rhizoids 17, 20
rhizomorphs 96 –7
rhizosphere 220, 293
rhodamine 65
ribitol 129
ribosomal RNA gene processing
170 –1
rishitin 291
RNA
double-stranded (dsRNA) 164,
171, 173– 6
messenger 161
roots
cortical cell death 228
fungal decomposers of 227–9
rhizodeposition 226–8
take-all disease 172–3
rotorod spore sampler 208 –9
Rubner coefficient 120
rubratoxins 133 , 136
ruderal behavior 213
rumen organisms – chytrids,
protozoa 149–51
rust fungi 8, 31, 33, 65 , 73, 90 –3,
120, 131, 148, 186, 206, 302–5,
345salicylic acid – plant defense
signalling 293
saponins 172–3
Saprolegniales 41
saprotrophs 213 et seq.
sclerotia 93– 4, 120, 137– 8 , 145,
189–90, 246, 281–2
seed rots, seedling pathogens 280 –3
senescence phenotype 161–2
septa/septum 29 , 30, 32, 49, 57
dolipore septum 57
shikimic acid pathway 133 , 136
siderophores – iron-chelating 119
signal transduction 58, 60, 72–3,
87
sirenin 103– 4
slime moulds
acrasid slime moulds 17
dictyostelid slime moulds 17,
43– 4
myxomycota (plasmodial slime
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