550 Notes to pp. 264–268
122 Horkheimer, Briefwechsel, GS, vol. 17, p. 82.
123 Ibid., p. 95.
124 Horkheimer, Briefwechsel, GS, vol. 16, p. 761ff. Adorno’s ideas about the
prehistory of anti-Semitism were later integrated into the final chapter of
Dialectic of Enlightenment.
125 Adorno had doubts about Pollock’s assertion that totalitarian state
capitalism would be the form of rule of future societies and that there was
no alternative to this. He remarked that Pollock’s theory was ‘an inversion
of Kafka.... Kafka had depicted the hierarchy of offices as hell. Here hell
is transformed into a hierarchy of offices.’ Horkheimer, Briefwechsel, GS,
vol. 17, p. 54.
126 Helmut Dubiel points out that ‘for Adorno and Horkheimer the advantage
of Pollock’s theory was that, whereas they had failed to discriminate
between politics and economics, his analysis suggested that rule in highly
developed industrial societies no longer assumed economic forms – as
under liberalism – but instead was directly political in form – as in the pre-
bourgeois era.’ Dubiel, Wissenschaftsorganisation und politische Erfahrung,
p. 99ff; see also pp. 61ff. and 94ff. For the debate on theories of fascism,
see also Alfons Söllner, Geschichte und Herrschaft, p. 88ff.; Rolf Wiggers-
haus, The Frankfurt School, p. 280ff.; Dubiel and Söllner (eds), Wirtschaft,
Recht und Staat im Nationalsozialismus, p. 7ff; Barbara Brick and Moishe
Postone, ‘Kritischer Pessimismus und die Grenzen des traditionellen
Marxismus’, p. 179ff.
127 Horkheimer, ‘Die Juden in Europa’, GS, vol. 4, p. 308f.
128 Horkheimer, ‘Der Autoritäre Staat’, GS, vol. 5, p. 300.
129 Horkheimer, ‘Vernunft und Selbsterhaltung’, GS, vol. 5, p. 348.
130 The paper ‘Reflexionen zur Klassentheorie’ of 1942 was not published
at the time and only appeared posthumously, in GS, vol. 8, p. 373ff., here
p. 376.
131 Adorno later expressed his diagnosis of the problem of the working class
in the form of an ironic question: ‘Sociologists, however, find themselves
confronted with the grimly comic riddle: just where is the proletariat?’
The aphorism entitled ‘Puzzle Picture’ in Minima Moralia is directly related
to the ‘Reflections on Class Theory’. Adorno, Minima Moralia, p. 193f.
132 Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, p. xi.
133 Horkheimer to Adorno, 12 June 1941, Horkheimer–Pollock Archive, Stadt-
und Universitätsbibliothek, Frankfurt am Main.
134 See Cornelius Schnauber, Hollywood Haven: Homes and Haunts of the
European Emigrés and Exiles in Los Angeles, and German-Speaking
Artists in Hollywood: Emigration between 1910 and 1945.
135 Horkheimer, Briefwechsel, GS, vol. 17, p. 147.
136 Ibid., p. 167.
137 Ibid., p. 171.
138 Ibid., p. 172. Forty years later, under the heading ‘Communicative Ration-
ality’, Jürgen Habermas set out to explore systematically which validity
claims are connected with language. This enabled him to prepare the
ground for the so-called linguistic turn of critical theory. The central
concept of communicative rationality is defined as follows: ‘A particular
rationality inhabits not language per se, but the communicative use of
linguistic expressions.... This communicative rationality is expressed in