234 Basic principles for molding land mosaics
provide greater modal (transportation types) flexibility for suburban res-
idents and help limit vehicular traffic.
(B) Transit-oriented development.TOD that meshes mixed-use residential-
shopping areas with local natural ecosystems within 800 m (half-mile) of
astation on a commuter transit line has a higher proportion of people
commuting to work on public transport, and also may have more walk-
ing, bicycling, and local shopping, a tighter community, and a greater
sense of place by residents.Roads in communities
(A) Traffic calming.Traffic-calming techniques that slow vehicle movement
increasingly provide safer, more convenient walking opportunities for
childrenand the elderly, and enhance a sense of community in neigh-
borhoods.
(B) Accessibility and local spaces.Road infrastructure which effectively pro-
vides for both accessibility and local community spaces and private
spaces successfully addresses both broader social goals and narrower
neighborhood and individual goals.Walking and park systems
(A) Parksystem.Providing routes for movement of people and/or species
among parks changes a group of parks into a park system, with con-
sequent benefits to both nature and people.
(B) Greenspaces and neighborhoods.Aneffective urban park system has
greenspaces conveniently walkable for residents of all neighborhoods.
(C) Sustainable park system.Toestablishasustainable park system, each park
and each connection is important, and both government and the public
understand how the interdependent pieces fit together to work as a
whole.Communities and development
In this fourth area of principles, the focus is a community, an aggrega-
tion of interacting residents in a city, town, or village. Development emphasizes
the spread of built areas, including economic investment across the land. Both
communities in place and the process of development strongly interact with nat-
ural systems. In contrast to the preceding section on human movement patterns,
thesocial and economic focus here is where people live.
Principles here are largely extracted from Yaroet al.(1990), Sukopp and Hejny
(1990), Bartuska (1994), Campbell (1996), Seddon(1997), Warren (1998), Donahue