Communities and development 235(1999), Atkinsonet al.(1999), Ravetz (2000), Beatley (2000), Jacobiet al.(2000),
Warner (2001), Williset al.(2001), Macionis and Parillo (2001), Benfieldet al.
(2001), Peiser(2001), White(2002), Grimmet al.(2003), LeGates and Stout (2003),
Campbell and Fainstein (2003), Nassauer (2005), Handy(2005), Kellert (2005),
Hersperger(2006), Clark (2006), Moore (2007), and Robert Yaro (personal commu-
nication). The emphasis is much more on land planning than on management
of existing land (Atkinsonet al.1999,Williset al.2001,White2002).Also see
Chapter2.
Three subgroupings are useful for this topic: (a) locating development; (b) envi-
ronment and community; and (c) social dimensions and sense of community.
Locating development
(A) Development and low-ecological-value areas.Guiding potential growth and
development to areas of low ecological value is a major step in protecting
and sustaining natural systems.
(B) Concentrating or dispersing development.Concentrating rather than dispers-
ing development greatly increases the protection of natural systems and
reduces the dependence on transportation infrastructure and vehicular
usage (Figure9.2).
(C) Coalescence of communities.Preventing the coalescence of adjoining com-
munities, e.g., with greenspace strips, helps maintain the identity and
distinctiveness of each community.
(D) Mixed-use communities.Intermixing residential, commercial, and light-
industry areas in sections of a community reduces vehicular travel, but
causes more nearby land-use conflicts than in single-use communities.
(E) Edge nodes of industry and employment. Concentrating light industry
(and sometimes medium industry) in nodes on the edge of residen-
tial/commercial towns and small cities helps reduce both vehicular
travel and land-use conflicts.
(F) Heavy industry centers.Aggregating compatible heavy industries on a site
with efficient water, power, and waste-disposal plus convenient public
transport for nearby employees, away from major rivers/streams, and
downwind of population centers and valuable nature, minimizes envi-
ronmental problems and maximizes benefits.
(G) Land prices.Overall,landpricesdecreasewithdistancefromacity’scen-
tral business district, a pattern mainly modified by geomorphology and
bymajor nodes of public or private investment.
(H) Radial transportation corridors.Radial transportation corridors are major
catalysts of commercial and residential expansion, either directly as