Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism

A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism 224

3) Dhanur-veda (Archery)

4) Sthäpatya-veda (Architecture)

VI. Sectarian scriptures

 Saƒhitäs (Vai•æava)

 Ägamas (Ÿaiva)

 Tantras (Ÿäkta)

Appendix Three: The Ten Principal Schools of Vedänta

Each is listed with its founder and his main work, a commentary on the

Brahmasütra.

Advaita Vedänta: Ÿaökara (788–820) Ÿarïrakabhä•ya

Viÿi•flädvaita Vedänta: Rämänuja (1017–1136) Ÿrïbhä•ya

Dvaita Vedänta: Madhva (1238–1317) Aæuvakhyäyana

Bhedäbheda: Bhäskara (9th century) Brahmasütrabhä•ya

Dvaitädvaita: Nimbärka (11th century) Vedäntaparijätasaurabha

Ÿuddhädvaita: Vallabhäcärya (1473–1531) Aæubhä•ya

Acintya Bhedäbheda: Baladeva (18th century) Govindabhä•ya

Dvaitädvaita: Ÿrïpati (1350–1410) Ÿrïkarabhä•ya

Ÿivädvaita: Ÿrïkaæflha (13th century) Ÿrïkaæflhabhä•ya

Samänyaväda: Vijñänabhïk•u (16th century) Vijñänämøta

Appendix Four: The Eightfold Practice of Yoga:

A•fläöga Yoga

Remote Preparation:

 yama (practice of precepts)

 ahiƒsä (non-violence)

 satya (truthfulness)

 asteya (non-stealing)

 brahmacarya (continence)

 aparigraha (absence of greed)

 niyama (practice of virtues)

 ÿauca (purity)

 samto•a (contentment)

 tapas (discipline)

 svädhyäya (study, especially of sacred lore)

 ïÿvara pranidhäna (surrender to God)

 äsana (postures)

 präæäyäma (breath control)

 pratyähära (withdrawal of senses)

Direct Preparation:

These are collectively called samyama (effort) and successively applied to various

categories of objects

 dhäraæä (concentration)

 dhyäna (contemplation)

 samädhi (trance)

Beginning of Real Yoga:

This comprises the exercise of extraordinary powers and the practice of advanced

forms of meditation, leading to kaivalya, complete isolation and freedom.

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