Sufi sm and ‘Popular’ Islam 153formation in its own right. Vorhoff (1995) is an interesting study of the sudden
eruption of writing on Alevi scripture, beliefs, history and sociology by Alevi
intellectuals. The volumes edited by Kehl-Bodrogi et al. (1997), Olsson et al.
(1998) and White and Jongerden (2003) contain numerous valuable contributions.
Olsson (1998) provides a more general discussion of the emergence of
‘scripturalist’ versions of these largely orally transmitted religious traditions.- The rise of kebatinan movements, their ambivalent relations with Sufi orders and
processes of bureaucratization in both are discussed more extensively in
Bruinessen (2007). A useful overview of kebatinan movements and their changing
relationship with Islam and the state is Stange (1986).
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