Dairy Ingredients for Food Processing

412 Chapter 16

Potassium is a major electrolyte in blood and

tissues and helps in blood pressure regulation

in conjunction with sodium. Sodium is

further involved in nerve conduction, active

transport, and bone formation.

Vitamins and Other

Minor Constituents

A balance of minerals and vitamins is required

to promote health and well being. They must

be supplied by food and supplements because

they are not manufactured by the body. Milk

contains both fat - soluble and water - soluble

vitamins. Table 16.19 gives the concentration

of fat - soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K; and

water soluble vitamins B and C.

Natural vitamin A activity in milk is due

to retinol and the pigment β - carotene. Their

level as well as those of vitamin D and E

varies in milk according to the season and

feed profi le. The diet ’ s richest source of

vitamin D is vitamin - D - fortifi ed milk.

Exposure to sunshine helps to activate this

vitamin. Vitamin D assists in calcium absorp-

tion and in forming and maintaining strong

bones. It is also recognized for its role in the

prevention of the bone disease rickets. More

recent research has shown that vitamin D

reduces the risk of several types of cancer,

Table 16.19. Proximate vitamin concentration

of milk.

Vitamins Concentration in 100 mL milk

A 4 0 μ g RE

D 4 IU

E 100 μ g

K 5 μ g

B 1 4 5 μ g

B 2 175 μ g

Niacin 90 μ g

B 6 5 0 μ g

Pantothenic acid 350 μ g

Biotin 3.5 μ g

Folic acid 5.5 μ g

B 12 0.45 μ g

C 2 mg

Adapted from Chandan (2007).

Source: Chandan and Kilara (2008)

Table 16.18. Major and minor minerals of cow ’ s
milk.

Major minerals Mean

(mg/100 mL)

Range

(mg/100 mL)

Calcium, total 121 114 – 130

Calcium, ionic 8 6 – 16

Citrate 181 171 – 198

Chloride 100 90 – 110

Magnesium 12 9 – 14

Phosphorus,

inorganic

65 53 – 72

Potassium 144 116 – 176

Sodium 58 35 – 90

Trace Elements μ g/100 g

milk

μ g/100 g

milk

Boron 27 —

Chromium 1 0.8 – 1.3

Cobalt 0.1 0.05 – 0.13

Copper 20 10 – 60

Fluoride 12 3 – 22

Iodine 26 —

Iron 45 30 – 60

Manganese 3 2 – 5

Molybdenum 7 2 – 12

Nickel 2.5 0 – 5

Selenium 12 5 – 67

Silicon 260 75 – 700

Zinc 390 200 – 600

Adapted from Fox (2003) , Chandan (2007).
Source: Chandan and Kilara (2008)

the body. It is a crucial component of the
genetic material DNA and RNA. Iron is
essential in the formation of hemoglobulin
and in cytochrome activity. A defi ciency
causes anemia. Iron is further involved in
brain function, immunocompetence, and the
synthesis of lipids.
Magnesium is also a part of bone mass,
and it is involved in many metabolic path-
ways. Zinc is a component of several meta-
bolic enzymes and DNA. It is involved in
immune system functioning. Iodine is neces-
sary for the formation of thyroid hormone,
which regulates growth and metabolism.
Copper is important in energy metabolism
and as an antioxidant; it also is involved in
collagen synthesis and iron utilization.
Manganese is a cofactor of many metabolic
enzymes. Chloride is an oxidizing agent and
constitutes a vital ingredient of stomach acid.