Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics

English chamomile (i.e., Roman) in U.S.P.;

both oils are prone to insect infestation on

storage. Strengths (seeglossary) of extracts

are expressed in weight-to-weight ratios.

Regulatory Status. Both German and

Roman chamomiles are regulated as dietary

supplements and are GRAS as natural sea-

sonings and flavorings (§182.10) Essential

oils, solvent-free oleoresins, and natural ex-

tractives are also GRAS (§182.20). German

chamomile flowers subject of a positive Ger-

man therapeutic monograph; preparations

allowed; internally for gastrointestinal

spasms and inflammatory diseases of the

gastrointestinal tract; externally for skin and

mucous membrane inflammation, bacterial

skin disease or the oral cavity and gums;

inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract

(as inhalations); bath and irritation or inflam-

mation of the genital and anal areas. Owing

toalackofdocumentedeffectiveness,Ro-

man chamomile flowers are the subject of a

negative German therapeutic monograph

(BLUMENTHAL1).

REFERENCES

See the General References forARCTANDER;BAILEY2;BIANCHINI AND CORBETTA;BLUMENTHAL1&2;ESCOP

1;FEMA;FOSTER;GUENTHER;JIANGSU;LEWIS AND ELVIN-LEWIS;LUST;MASADA;MCKENNA;STAHL;TERRELL;

TYLER1–3;UPHOF;WICHTL.

1. C. Mann and E. J. Staba in L. E. Craker
   and J. E. Simon, eds.,Herbs, Spices,
   and Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances
   in Botany, Horticulture, and Pharma-
   cology, Vol. 1, Oryx Press, Phoenix,
   AZ, 1986, p. 235.


2. R. Carle and K. Gomma, Br. J.
   Phytother., 2 , 147 (1991–1992).


3. A. G. Gorin and A. I. Yakovlev, Sb.
   Nauchn. Tr., Ryazan Med. Inst., 50 ,9
   (1975); through Chem. Abstr., 84 ,
   79626z (1976).


4. J. H€olzl and G. Demuth,Planta Med., 27 ,
   37 (1975).


5. C. Redaelli et al.,Planta Med., 42 , 288
   (1981).


6. Y. Ganeva et al.,Pharmacia, 50 , 3 (2003).


7. V. Svehlikova et al.,Phytochemistry, 65 ,
   2323 (2004).


8. J. H€olzl et al.,Z. Naturforsch., 30 , 853
   (1975).


9. J. Reichling and H. Becker,Dtsch. Apoth.
   Ztg., 117 , 275 (1977).


10. O. Motl et al.,Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim),
    310 , 210 (1977).


11. H. Schilcher,Planta Med., 23 , 132 (1973).


12. G. Verzar-Petri et al.,Herba Hung., 15 ,69
    (1976).


13. G. Verzar-Petri et al.,Herba Hung., 12 ,
    119 (1973).


14. L. Z. Padula et al.,Planta Med., 30 , 273
    (1976).


15. O. Isaac et al.,Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg., 108 ,
    293 (1968).


16. O. Motl et al.,Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim),
    311 , 75 (1978).


17. M. Holub and Z. Samek,Collect. Czech.
    Chem.Commun., 24 , 1053 (1977).


18. A. Carnat et al., Fitoterapia, 75 ,32
    (2004).


19. S. I. Balbaa et al.,Egypt J. Pharm. Sci.,
    16 , 161 (1975).


20. Y. Chretien-Bessiere et al., Riv. Ital.
    Essenze, Profumi, Piante Office,
    Aromi, Saponi, Cosmet., Aerosol, 52 ,
    211 (1970).


21. G. M. Nano et al., 6th International
    Congress of Essential Oils (Pap.), 1974,
    p. 114


22. G. M. Nano et al.,Essenze Deriv. Agrum.,
    46 , 171 (1976).


23. R. Bauer,Q. Am. Herb Assoc., 9 , 4 (1992).

Chamomile (german and roman) 173