Leung's Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics

COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS

Most common types (e.g., Algerian, Bourbon,
Moroccan, and Spanish). Algerian geranium
oil is official in F.C.C.

Regulatory Status. GRAS: rose geranium

(§182.20); other types (§182.10 and

§182.20).

REFERENCES

See the General References forARCTANDER;BAILEY2;FEMA;FURIA AND BELLANCA;GUENTHER;LIST AND
HO€RHAMMER;MARTINDALE;MCGUFFIN1&2;MERCK;ROSE;TERRELL;TUCKER AND LAWRENCE;UPHOF;WATTAND
BREYER-BRANDWIJK.

1. S. Angjeli,Bull. Univ. Sheteror Tiranes,
   Ser. Shkencat Natyrore, 1 , 64 (1964).


2. H. Wollman et al.,Pharmazie, 28 ,56
   (1973).


3. E. Gliozheni and H. Ahmataj,Bull. Univ.
   Shteteror Tiranes, Ser. Shkencat
   Natyrore, 21 , 129 (1967).


4. L. Peyron, Compt. Rend., 255 , 2981
   (1962).


5. J. Y. Conan et al.,Riv. Ital. Essenze
   Profumi, Piante Off, Aromi, Saponi,
   Cosmet., Aerosol, 58 , 556 (1976).


6. V. T. Gogiya and L. I. Ivanova,
   Mezhdunar. Kongr. Efirnym Maslam.
   (Mater.), 1 , 71 (1968).


7. C. De La Torre et al.,An. Acad. Bras.
   Cienc., 44 (Suppl.), 168 (1972).


8. J. Krepinsky et al.,Tetrahedron Lett., 3 ,
   359 (1966).


9. E. Tsankova and I.Ognyanov,Dokl.Bolg.
   Akad. Nauk, 25 , 1229 (1972).
   10. P. Pesnelle et al., Riv. Ital. Essenze
   Profumi, Piante Off, Aromi, Saponi,
   Cosmet, Aerosol, 54 , 92 (1972).
   11. P. Pesnelle et al., Recherches, 18 ,45
   (1971).
   12. B. H. Kingston,Manuf. Chem., 10 , 463
   (1961).
   13. W. Rojahn and E. Klein,Dragoco Rep.
   (Ger. Ed.), 24 , 150 (1977).
   14. D. L. J. Opdyke,Food Cosmet. Toxicol.,
   14 (Suppl.), 781 (1976).
   15. J. C. Maruzella and P. A. Henry,J. Am.
   Pharm. Assoc., 47 , 294 (1958).
   16. J. C. Maruzella and L. Liquori,J. Am.
   Pharm. Assoc., 47 , 250 (1958).
   17. W. Sun et al.,Zhong. Yao Cai., 28 ,87
   (2005).
   18. D. L. J. Opdyke,Food Cosmet. Toxicol.,
   12 (Suppl.), 883 (1974).
   19. D. L. J. Opdyke,Food Cosmet. Toxicol.,
   13 , 451 (1975).

GINGER

Source:Zingiber officinaleRoscoe (Family
Zingiberaceae).

Common/vernacular names: Common gin-
ger, ganzabeel, and zangabeel.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

An erect perennial herb with thick tuberous
rhizomes (underground stems) from which

the aerial stem grows up to about 1 m high;

rarely flowers and produces seeds; native to

southern Asia; extensively cultivated in the

tropics (e.g., India, China, Jamaica, Haiti, and

Nigeria). Part used is the pungent rhizome

commonly called ‘‘root,’’ both in fresh and

dried forms. Ginger oil is usually produced

from freshly ground, unpeeled dried ginger by

steam distillation. Extracts and oleoresin are

produced from dried unpeeled ginger, as

peeled ginger loses much of its essential oil

content.

320 Ginger