298 ■ INDEX
life cycle assessments (LCAs), 40
life-cycle emissions, 33–34, 89
Ligeti, Eva, 281
lighting systems, 143
liquefi ed petroleum gas (LPG), 136, 140
livestock, and methane emissions, 35–36, 37
local governments
and baseline GHG emissions, 15–17
and climate change governance, 264
and climate change initiatives, 127
comparative analysis of city plans to reduce
emissions, 68–79
fi nancing for investments in developing
countries, 285–86
and high-cost carbon, 286
protocol for emissions of, 28–29
role in mitigation of climate change, 69,
71–72
Local Governments for Sustainability, 4, 15
London
city emissions measurements, 56–57
comparative analysis of city plans to reduce
emissions, 68–79
comparative analysis of emissions by
source, 60–63, 81nn6–8
comparative analysis of links between
drivers and emissions, 67, 81n 11
comparison of drivers for characterization
of emissions, 63–67, 81nn9–10
GHG accounting methods, 57–60
simulations of impact of temperatures on,
186–89
UHI for, 180
London Climate Change Agency (LCCA), 78
low-emission vehicles, 76
low-income cities and countries
and adaptation to risk, 237
and commuting trips, 92–93
emissions data from, 89–90, 99, 121n 1
and post-disaster needs, 240–42
See also socioeconomics
LPG. See liquefi ed petroleum gas (LPG)
LTO. See landing and take-off cycle (LTO)
M
maintenance, of infrastructure, 144,
146–67
Marcom, Alain, 277
marine sector
emissions from, 42–44t2.5
per capita emissions, 45–47
marine transportation, approaches to studies
of emissions from, 32–33
market-based approaches
to address climate change, 267
to global warming solutions, 170–71
markets, role in distribution of population,
108–10
mass rapid transit networks, 117
mass transit, 111, 138–39
material fl ow analysis (MFA), 40
Matti, Cristian, 278
McCarney, Patricia, 273
McCarthy, Mark P., 10, 175–91
McIntyre, B., 280
measurement of emissions, 4–5, 255–59
comparative analysis of, 56–57
and inclusion of Scope 3 activities, 38–39
inventorying procedures of, 25–29
Mediterranean coastal areas, temperature data
for, 177, 178f7.1, 181f7.2, 182–83f7.3,
185 f7.4
Meff ert, Douglas, 280
Mehrotra, Shagun, 10, 272
Melandri, Sabrina, 55–85
Melbourne, 131–32, 133, 134, 142, 150
methane emissions, 35–36, 37, 59
methodologies
community-focused, 244–45, 246–47t9.6
comparison of GHG studies for select
cities and metropolitan regions, 16,
18–25t2.2
CORINAIR, 60, 81n 5
current approaches of adaptation to climate
change, 227, 228–30t9.1
diff erences in estimating emissions, 56
and framework for Scope 3 emissions
inclusion, 39–41
to measure impact and performance of
action plans, 255–59
for measuring city emissions, 4–5
overview of procedures for inventorying
emissions, 25–29
participatory methodology for climate
change asset adaptation, 245, 247–50
review of in emission studies of AFOLU,
35–36
review of in urban emission studies, 29–36,
51 n 2
review of studies in energy sector, 30–33,
51 n 2
review of studies in waste emissions, 33–34