INDEX ■ 301per capita emissions
city, 5–6
cities vs. countries, 88
compared to national emissions, 38
in Denver, 38t2.4
and metropolitan regions, 45–47
link to specifi c drivers, 67, 81n 11
national, 5, 38
relationship to GDP, 60–62, 81n 7
Phdungsilp, Aumnad, 276
Philippines, and community-driven responses
to climate change, 287
physical capital, 233–34
PIA. See participatory impact assessment
(PIA)
pico y placa, 103, 121nn4–5
Pigey, Juliana, 285–86
PKmT. See passenger kilometers traveled
(PKmT)
PNA. See Policy Network Analysis (PNA)
mode
policies, 264–65
appraisal of, 248–49
and comparison of mitigation measures,
72–76, 77f3.1, 81–82nn12–13
contagion for climate change policies,
169–70
and drivers for action, 148–50
and energy effi ciency, 147–48
implications of indicators for, 273
and inclusion of Scope 1-2-3 accounting in
emission measures, 39
for mitigation of climate change, 260–62
pico y placa, 103, 121nn4–5
policy network actors on climate change
issues, 164–66
shared features of, 79–80
in Southeast Asian cities, 276
transport sector
Mumbai, 117–18
New York City, 114–15, 118–19, 122n 6
and public transportation, 7
to reduce urban transport emissions,
102–3
Singapore, 115–17, 118–19
for urban sprawl and climate change in the
EU, 279–80
and viral governance, 170–71
See also adaptation to climate change;
mitigation of climate change;
regulatory framework
Policy Network Analysis (PNA) mode, 162–63
politics, 105
and adaptation to climate change, 129
competencies to empower levels of
responsibilities, 217
polycentric cities, 110–11, 113
population
of cities and metropolitan regions, 16–17
densities of link to emissions, 64, 67, 81n 10
distributions of in Jakarta and Gauteng,
112–13
elderly-young ratio, 64, 67, 81n 9
impact of climate change on urban
populations, 233–36
Mumbai, 117
New York City, 110–20
of select cities and regions, 195
Singapore, 115–16
spatial distribution of, 108–10
and transport emissions strategies, 89, 91
poverty, 226
and adaptation to climate change, 10–11
and asset vulnerability, 231, 251n 2
and motorized mobility, 91–92
and urban infrastructure, 145
urban poor, 10–11, 231–32, 266, 287
poverty reduction, 11, 244
power plants, 59, 82n 13
precipitation rates, 195–99, 258
prices
carbon-based energy, 87
carbon pricing, 101–2
of energy, 87, 119–20, 267–68
hedonic price method to study consumer
preferences, 285
of parking, 104
price elasticity of demand, 104–5
pricing instruments, 102, 103–5, 121n 5
of water supply, 145–46
private sector
and adaptation and mitigation of climate
change, 267
initiatives of, 134–35
mobilizing in Asia, 286
PROCONVE. See Motor Vehicle Pollution
Control Program (PROCONVE)
production, emissions associated with, 37–38
productivity, and transport emissions
strategies, 89, 91
provision modes
in built environments, 133