INDEX ■ 303Santiago
adaptation capacity and responses of,
202–11
background concerning, 195–99
exposure to and impact of climate change
on, 198–202
opportunities and constraints for
adaptation, 211, 216–21
São Paulo
adaptation capacity and responses of,
202–11
background concerning, 195–99
exposure to and impact of climate change
on, 198–202
opportunities and constraints for
adaptation, 211, 216–21
transport sector, 139, 141, 149
urban infrastructure, 146, 149
Satterthwaite, David, 11, 284
scaling solid waste emissions, 33
school buses, 138
Schroeder, Heike, 125–59
scope of emissions, 27–28, 256
classifi cation use by communities, 56–57
and electricity and heat production, 30
Scope 3 cross-boundary emissions, 36–41
sea levels, 195–202, 259
Seattle Offi ce of Sustainability and the
Environment, 164–66
self-governance mode, 147
in built environment, 131–32
of infrastructure, 142–43
of transport sector, 136–37
self-operated vehicles (SOVs), 93–99
Seoul
and built environment, 131–32, 134
and drivers for action, 148–49
transport sector, 136, 139–41
and urban infrastructures, 143, 145, 146
shipping sector, comparative analysis of
emissions accounting for, 59
Sierra Club Cool Cities Campaign, 164–66
Singapore
adaptation capacity and responses of,
202–11
background concerning, 195–99
exposure to and impact of climate change
on, 198–202
opportunities and constraints for
adaptation, 211, 216–21
transit mode share, 99, 121n 3
transit sector, 115–17, 118–20
travel time by transport mode, 101, 101t4.4
Skelhorn, Cynthia, 259–62
slum dwellers, 91–92
smart buildings, 131
social welfare assessments, 285
socioeconomics
and city emissions, 5
and climate change in low- and middle-
income nations, 284
climate change research concerning,
265–68
link to emissions, 64, 67, 81n 9
and poverty vs. vulnerability, 231
See also economic issues
solid waste emissions, 2, 33
solid waste production, 67
South Africa, 132
Southeast Asia
climate policy in, 276
coastal hazard conditions in, 281
urban planning in, 284
SOVs. See self-operated vehicles (SOVs)
spatial policies, 6
and mapping of GHG emissions, 257–58
Mumbai, 118
in New York City, 114–15, 118–19, 122n 6
Singapore, 115–17, 118–19
spatial structures, and transport mode,
108–14
speed of transport, 99, 100–101
sporting events, 136, 138, 139, 145
standards
for energy, 132–33, 154nn1-2
fuel quality, 137
stationary combustion, 30, 51n 2
Stern, Nicholas, 167
storms
and asset adaptation framework, 236–44
research methodology for testing asset
adaptation framework, 244–50
strategies for climate change
adaptation plans to support and prioritize,
216
best practices in infrastructure strategy, 280
in building sector in Chinese cities, 275–76
coping strategies to climate variability,
287–88
in select cities and regions, 195–99,
202–6
top-down strategies, 206–9