INDEX ■ 30550–51n1, 130, 141, 221
United States, 271–72
and built environment, 130, 132
and urban infrastructure, 144
urban agglomeration, 56, 81n 3
background of cities and regions in case
studies of, 195–99
and traffi c congestion, 91
urban areas
comparison of GHG studies in select
cities and metropolitan regions, 16,
18–25t2.2
conclusions concerning quantifying
emissions of, 48–50
defi nition, 16–17, 56, 81n 3
energy use link to specifi c urban features,
63–64
procedures for attributing GHG emissions
to, 28
review of methodologies in studies of
emissions in, 29–36, 51n 2
and Scope 3 cross-boundary emissions,
36–41
territorial features of, 64, 81n 10
See also city emissions; greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions; urban heat island
(UHI)
urban design, 274–75
urban environment, overview of, 175–76
urban heat island (UHI), 10, 128
conclusions concerning, 190
defi nition, 175
description of models used for capturing,
176–78
mitigation of, 274–75
model experiments for, 178–79
overview, 175–76
results of HadRM3 experiments, impact of
anthropogenic heat release on future
urban temperatures, 184–85
results of model experiments
impact of climate change on modeled
urban and nonurban temperatures,
180, 182–84
urban and rural temperature diff erences,
180, 181f7.2
validation of modeled temperatures,
179–80
simulations of UHIs on select cities, 186–89
urban infrastructures. See infrastructure
urbanization, 1–2, 127
and carbon signatures, 273–74
and city-scale impacts of climate, 177
and population changes, 195
urban planning, 6, 76, 111, 128, 143
in EU, 279–80
in Southeast Asia, 284
urban poor, 266
and adaptation to climate change, 10–11
conditions of, 231–32
vulnerability in LAC, 287
See also asset vulnerability analytical
framework
Urban Risk Assessment, 10
urban transport networks, 91, 121n 2
urban village model, 110f4.5C, 111
U.S. Climate Action Partnership, 167
U.S. Conference of Mayors (USCOM),
164–66, 167
U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement
(USMCPA), 8, 55, 81n 1
agreement to address climate change,
163–64
and conclusions concerning engagement
on climate change, 172
and context for engagement, 166–68
and implications for policy and future
research, 171–72
launching of, 162
and the nature of cities, 168
policy network actors, 164–66
and thematic categories for participation,
169–70
and viral governance, 170–71
utilities sector, 144V
validation of program results, 249
van den Dobbelsteen, Andy, 278
vehicle control programs, 138
vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT), 31, 94,
101
viral governance, 170–71
VKT. See vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT)
Vogel, Johanna, 193–224
vulnerabilities
assessment of, 258
in coastal areas, 281
concept of, 231–32, 251nn2–3
and hazards removal, 266
linked to assets, 232–33
mapping of, 244, 246t9.6