Music Listening, Music Therapy, Phenomenology and Neuroscience

Appendix 3.02 Survey of The Neurosciences a

nd Music I

I

Conference 2005

From Perception to Performance

Title, Category

Aim

Mus. Material, Cultural Ref.

Technology & Procedure

Main focus of interest

Conclusion

47P. Eschrich et al.

(438

-442)

Remember Bach

Cat. 14: Memory

Cat. 19: Emotion

48P.

Filipic & Bigand (443

• 
  

445)

Key pro

cessing

precedes

valence appraisal

Cat. 19: Emotion

*49P.

Grewe et al.

(446

-449)

How does music arouse chills?

Cat. 18: Bodily impact Cat. 19: Emotion

50P.

Pallesen et al.

(450

-453)

Emotion processing of chords

Cat. 2: Harmony Cat. 19: Emotion

To investigate whether emotional music is kept better in episodic long

-term memory

than less emotional music

To inves

tigate prediction:

key

processing precedes the appraisal of valence in music To investigate chill experiences

related to distinct

musical events

To study whether simple musical chords activate brain areas associated with emotion analysis

Recorded music:

Target

pieces: 30 J.S.Bach piano pieces, 30

-60 sec, pre

• 
  

categorized by valence and arousal ratings CR: Western

24 musical e

xcerpts, 12

peaceful, 12 sad, played on MIDI keyboard by professional pianist.

CR: Western

Recorded music:

Seven

pieces from different music

al

styles used for all subjects, n=38.

Plus

pieces chosen by

subjects, known to induce strong emotions

CR: Western, Western popular

Nine synthesized

piano

chords: major, minor and dissonant, each spanning 3 octaves

fro

m A3 to A5

CR: Western

Ten non

-musicians.

1) Rate the emotions induced by the target pieces: arousal, valence and strength

. 2) Two

weeks later: Recognition test, target pieces mixed with other pieces. Clips

ordered in 48 pairs:

same or different emotion, same or different key. Tasks: 1) Indicate

emotion 2) indicate

as fast as possible whether 2nd clip expresses same emotion

While listening to music, press a button whenever chill is experienced. Skin conductance is measured, and timing of music and button press recorded

fMRI scanning during passive listening to the chords, and during working memory task: cognitive evaluation of the chords.

The effect of emotion on musical episodic long

-term

memory

Response time for task 2

Relations between struc

tural

musical elements and chill reactions.

Retest with one subject for 7 subsequent days to check for reproducibility

Differences in BOLD b

rain

responses to major, minor and dissonant chords

Preliminary result from small sample: Emotional arousal seems to be more important for episodic long

-term storage

and retrieval of music than emotional valence

1) 90% correct identi

fication

of emotion

2) Longer response times for pairs of melodies in different keys: Support for

prediction

Chills are results of attentive, experienc

ed, and

conscious musical enjoy

ment. Factors:

harmonic sequences, changes in loudness, entrance of voice, new beginning

Minor and dissonant chords elicit larger responses than major chords in amy

gdala,

retro

splenial cortex, brain

stem and cerebellum