Music Listening, Music Therapy, Phenomenology and Neuroscience

Appendix 3.03 Survey of The Neurosciences

and Music III Conference 2008

Disorders and Plasticity

Part I. Rhythms in the Brain: Basic Science and Clinical Perspectives

(1-9)

Title, Category

Aim

Mus. Material, Cultural Ref.

Technology & Procedure

Main focus of interest

Conclusion

1. Chen et al.

(15

-34)

Auditory

-motor interactions

Cat. 4: Rhythm Cat. 17: Sensory

-motor

2. Grahn

(35

-45)

The role of the basal ganglia in beat perception

Cat. 4: Rhythm Cat. 1

1: Deficit

Cat. 17: Sensory

-motor

3. Large and Snyder
   (46

-57)

Pulse and meter as neural resonance

Cat. 4: Rhythm 4. Iversen et al.

(58

-73)

Brain mechanisms of metrical interpretation

Cat. 4:

Meter

To elucidate the neural basis for interactions between the auditory and motor systems in the context of musical rhythm perception and production

To examine the neural basis of beat percepti

on

To investigate proposal: Neural resonance provides an excellent account of many aspects of rhythm perc

eption

To investigate how top

-down

control of rhythm perception modulates early auditory responses

1) I

sochronous rhythm,

progressively altered metric saliency 2

-3) Three rhythms

differing in com

plexity: simple,

complex, ambiguous (nonmetric)

(

SNI

)

CR: Neutral 1) Novel rhythmic

sequences,

3 sec: metric simple, metric complex, nonmetric.

2) Beat and nonbeat versions of sequences, 1

1-18 sec:

Volume accented, dura

tion

accented, unaccented

(SNI)

CR: Neutral No particular musical material, multiple

references

CR:

---

A repeating sequence of two tones followed by a rest. 45 msec duration

pure tones:

1 kHz pips, inter-

onset

intervals 200 msec

CR: Neutral

fMRI: Tasks: 1) tapping to rhythm

. 2) a) listening b)

tapping to rhythm

.

3) a) listening b)

listening with

anticipation to tap c) tapping to rhythm

1a)

Behavioral study:

Tapping

back after hearing 3 times. b) fMRI

study of a

discrimination

paradigm

.

c) comparison: P

arkinson’s

Disease

patients and controls

2) fMRI while healthy participants

complete an

unrelated task

Review of literature, especially EEG and MEG studies. Proposal of a theoretical framework

1) ”i

magined beat” condi

tion.

Instruction: mentally place the beat a) on 1st tone b) on 2nd tone 2) ”physical accent” condition. One to

ne is

accented, a) 1st tone

b) 2nd tone

To investigate different couplings bet

ween

the

auditory and motor systems

Functional connectivity between

part of the basal

ganglia (putamen) and cortical areas: premotor and supplementary motor areas

Neural correlates of rhythm perception in high

-frequency

oscillatory activity

MEG: 1) To test whether voluntary metrical interpretation modulates brain res

ponses

2) To test the contribution af exogenous factors in shaping brain responses

Dorsal premotor cortex

(PMC)

is sensitive to

rhythm’s metric structure. Ventral PMC is not, but it is sensitive to process

ing

action-

related sounds. The

mid

-PMC is engaged during

both passive listening and tapping.

The basal ganglia is strongly implicated in processing

a regular beat,

especially when internal generation of the beat is required

Hypothesis: Perception of pulse and meter result from rhythmic bursts of high

• 
  

frequency neural

activity in

response to

musical rhythms

1) Metrical interpretation influenc

ed early evoked

neural responses to tones, specifically in the upper beta range (20

-30 Hz)

2) This beta increase resembles that due to physical accents