Music Listening, Music Therapy, Phenomenology and Neuroscience

Appendix 3.03 Survey of The Neurosciences

and Music III Conference 2008

Disorders and Plasticity

Title, Category

Aim

Mus. Material, Cultural Ref.

Technology & Proce

dure

Main focus of interest

Conclusion

5S. Abecasis et al.

(74

-78)

Brain lateralization of metrical accenting

Cat. 4: Meter 6S. Chakravarty & Vuust (79

-83)

Musical morphology

Cat. 8: Musicians

7S. Dennis et al.

(84

-88)

Strong

• and weak-

me

ter

rhythm in Spina Bifida Meningomyelocele

Cat. 11: Disorder

8S. Fujoioka et al.

(89

-92)

Musical beat in auditory cortex

Cat. 4: Meter Cat. 17: Sensory

-motor

9S. Honing et al.

(93

-96)

Is beat induction innate or learned?

Cat. 4: Meter

To assess

the perception of

meter in musically trained listeners

To compare brain morphology within a cohort of subjects

To test rhythm perception in children and adolescents with Spina bifida

meningomyelocele

(SBM),

a

disabling birth defect of the spinal co

lumn

To examine Beta (~20 Hz) and Gamma (~40) band activity in auditory cortices during passive listening to a regular musical beat

To investigate whether meter is more likely a learned phenomenon, possibly a result of musical expertise, or whether sensitivity to meter is also active in adult nonmusicians and infants

Sequences of identical tones: Repeated patterns of two pairs of tones separ

ated by a

single tone

(SNI)

CR: Neutral No musical material

CR:

---

Permutations of equal

• 
  

intensity tones on

a snare

drum

. Variable onsets of
longer intervals: On the beat = Strong

-meter rhythms. Off

the beat = Weak

-meter

rhythms.

CR: Neutral

262-

Hz pure tones, 60 msec

duration, with an onset

-to-

onset interval of 390 msec. Every second tone reduced in intensi

ty to make an

altern

ating loud

-soft accent

pattern

. CR: Neutral

Variants of a rhythmic rock pattern. Four standard (S): strictly metrical variants. Two deviants, omitting events on salient positions in the base pattern, D1: strong syncopation, and D2:

weaker syncopation.

CR: Western popular

MEG during inattentive listening. Diverting task: Blinking only when visual signal appears

MRI: Deformation

-based

morphological measures of 17 jazz/rock musicians of high rhythmic aptitude

1) SBM and contr

ol group.

Task: To judge two rhythms patterns as same or different 2) MRI of cerebellum of both groups

MEG during passive listening. Watching a silent movie,

12

young adults listened to 8 400-

sec blocks. Half of the

blocks occasionally (30%) omitted the loud tone, and half the soft tone

EEG: Mismatch Negativity (MMN) responses. 1) 11 subjects listened to two blocks of 300 patterns: 90% S, 5% D1, 5% D2. Task: indicate D by button press.

2) 14 sleeping newborns were presented with five blocks of 300 patterns: 90% S, 10% D1

MEG: Differences in dipole strength corresponding to strong and weak beats

To determine effects of specific learning tasks on cerebral structure

Volume of cerebellar regions important for rhythm functions

To assess the effect of accent and omission of accented and unaccented beats

1) Differences in MMN for stronger and weaker syncopation

2) Comparison of deviant patterns, standard patterns and control patterns

Support of a relatively early left-

hemispheric effect of

metrical processing in musicians Increased local gray

-matter

density in motor and auditory areas is

correlated

to rhythmic ability

1) SBM perform more poorly than controls

.

2) Abnormal configu

ration of

cerebellar volume fractions in SBM

In the au

ditory cortex, Beta

rhythm may play a role in auditory

-motor communi-

cation. Gamma rhythm may be related to musical beat encoding and

anticipation of

the next pulse Results suggest that meter induction is active in adult nonmusicians, and that beat induct

ion is already functional

right after birth.

S indicates a short paper, e.g. 5

S