Music Listening, Music Therapy, Phenomenology and Neuroscience

Appendix 3.03 Survey of The Neurosciences

and Music III Conference 2008

Disorders and Plasticity

Title, Category

Aim

Mus. Material, Cultural Ref.

Tec

hnology & Procedure

Main focus of interest

Conclusion

76S

. Wigley et al.

(512

-515)

Motor timing and literacy

Cat. 4: Timing Cat. 6: Language

To investigate the relationship between a motor

-rhythmic

measure of ability (synchronous tapping) and purported linguistically processing measures

A steady beat presented at

~ 1,3 Hz (inter

-stimulus

interval of 750 msec)

(SNI)

CR: Neutral

88 kindergarten children, mean age ~ 4 years. Four individual testing sessions. Task after training: tappi

ng in

synchrony on a temple block.

Plus tests for

Rapid Automa

• 
  

tized Naming (

RAN

) and

Phonological Awareness (PA

)

Relationship between

tapping

precision and literacy precursor skills : Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) and Phonological Awareness (PA)

Significant association between

synchronous beat

tapping skill and RAN, which is associated with fluent reading ability.

No difference on the PA measure

Part VIII. New Directions: Cochlear Implants

(77

-79)

Title, Category

Aim

Mus. M

aterial, Cultural Ref.

Technology & Procedure

Main focus of interest

Conclusion

77.

Galvin et al.

(518

-533)

Music Perception with Cochlear Implants

Cat. 11: Deficits

78.

Trehub

, Vongpaisal, and

Nakata

(534

-542)

Children with Cochlear Implants

Cat. 11: Deficits

To present experiments that directly measure Cochlear Implant (CI) users’ melodic pitch perception using a melodic contour identificaton (MCI) task

To present and discuss studies of music in the lives

of

deaf children with cochlear implant (CI)

Synthesized tones

. 1) 9 Melo-

dic contours

: 3-tone complex:

fundamental (F0), 1st harmo

• 
  

nic (F1), 2nd harmonic (F2).

2) Same melodic contours:

3-tone complex and spectral envelopes of 6 instruments.

3. Same melodic contours:

3

target instruments: organ, violin, piano. Masker ins

tru

• 
  

ment: piano, ”flat” contour CR: Western

Recorded music:

a) Familiar songs in

1) original version

2) instrumental version

3) synthesized piano version

b) TV theme songs in 1) ori

ginal version

2) Instru

mental version

3) synthe

sized flute version

CR: Western, Japanese

1) 11 CI users, 9 Normal

• 
  

hearing (NH) subjects listened to randomly selected melodic contours. Task: Identify contour shape by button click.

2) 8 CI users, 8 NH sub

jects.

Same test method as 1).

3) 7 CI users, 7 NH subjects.

Same test method

. Task:

Identify contour shape of tar

• 
  

get instrument in the

pre

• 
  

sence of masker instru

ment.

4) Training experiment

a & b) Summaries of tests comparing CI users with normal heari

ng (NH) subjects,

and comparing child and adolescent CI users. Typical task: Identify the target song from choices depicted on a monitor

Better understanding of the effects of CI processing on music perception in order to improve the design of CI devices

and, in turn, to

improve CI users’ mu

sic

perception and appreciation CI users’ ability to identify songs in instrumental versions without words.

Differences between users who acquired CI as infants, and users who acquired CI later in life

1)

NH

95 % correct, CI 53%

correct. Large inter

-subject

variability.

2) CI users’ MCI

performance was significantly affected by instrumental timbre: simple harmonic structure provides the best performance. 3) the presence of a competing instrument significantly

affects perfor

• 
  

mance. 4) A short period of training can improve melodic pitch perception.

Verbal cues are not critical for song identification by CI users.

Music is more engaging and memorable for

children with

CI than it is for adult CI

users

.

Limita

tions of current CI

technology

do not exclude

rewarding musical experi

• 
  

ences

, especially for children