(ibid. 169). Another museum, the German National Museum (Germanisches
Nationalmuseum), organized by the Union of German Historical and Anti-
quarian Societies, opened its doors in Nuremberg in 1853 (Bjurstro ̈m 1996:
42; Haskell 1993: 282; Marchand 1996a: 169). It exhibited Christian German
arts and aimed to establish a ‘well-arranged repertoire of the sources of
German history, literature and art from the earliest periods until 1650’, or,
as expressed a few years later,
to make known through its collections as true and as complete as possible a picture of
the life and activities of our ancestors, and in its halls to recall to memory the most
important moments of the history of the fatherland and to honour the memories of
the most outstanding men and women of Germany.
(in Haskell 1993: 283).Other museums were established in the provincial cities. Others would now
join the early examples from Austria mentioned in Chapter 11 like the
Joanneum in Graz (1811): the Ferdinandeum in Innsbruck (1823) and the
Obero ̈sterreichische Landesmuseum (Upper Austrian Regional Museum,
1833) (Sklena ́r 1983: 80; Urban in Murray 2001: 127). In territories belonging
to the Austrian Empire national museums were also opened, one of them
being that of Belgrade in 1844 (Babic 2002: 311). The dissolution of the
monasteries in Spain and Portugal in the 1830s brought many archaeological
and artistic objects into circulation. In Portugal, some were sent to museums
in the largest cities, Lisbon and Oporto, and exhibited from around 1833 in
their respective Fine Art Academies. In the case of the coin collection which
had belonged to the Alcobac ̧a Monastery, the Museu da Casa da Moeda (Mint
Museum) was created. In Spain, museums were opened even in small pro-
vincial towns such as Castello ́n, Girona and Huesca, to cite just three ex-
amples (Dı ́az-Andreu 1997). In 1848 the Museum of the Society of
Antiquaries of Scotland (founded in 1780) was organized. To begin with it
opened two days a week, and was ‘acknowledged’ (i.e. funded) by the state
from 1851 (MacGregor 1998: 127).
Regarding the third professional area mentioned at the start of this section,
the teaching of archaeology in higher education, examples can be found in the
eighteenth century and early in the nineteenth century. The examples of
Christian Gotlob Heyne, Johann Gustav Gottlieb Bu ̈sching, and Caspar
J. Reuvens have been cited earlier in the book (Chapters 2, 5, 11). TheWrst
chairs of archaeology in Uppsala in 1662 and in Kiel in 1802 have also been
mentioned (Chapter 2). Except for these two (and perhaps others to be
discovered), most of the earliest chairs speciWcally mentioning archaeology
appeared around 1850. In 1847 some provision for the teaching of archae-
ology was made in Ireland in the Queen’s Colleges established in Belfast, Cork
360 National Archaeology in Europe