The Sudan Handbook

table 12.1

anyanya and SPlM/SPla: a coMPariSon

beGinninG oF anyanya War

1954–8: Southerners lobby for federal state

• 1954 Juba Conference confirms support for
  federalism
  1955: Torit Mutiny and Southern Disturbances
  (August)
  1957: National elections return large federalist
  bloc of Southern MPs to parliament
  1958–64: First military government


• 1960–4 Policy of Arabization


• 1962 school strikes throughout South


• Refugee movements into neighbouring
  countries
  1962: SANU exile movement formed
  1963: Emergence of Anyanya as organized
  guerilla force

anyanya recrUitMent

• Mutineers


• Civil servants


• Students


• Largely local recruits serving in local units

anyanya Military StrUctUre

• Mainly organized by provinces


• No external training camps or supply centres


• Inter-provincial co-operation improved
  towards end


• Loose hierarchy of military command

anyanya eXternal SUPPort

• Church organizations


• Unreliable neighbours (Obote hostile, Amin
  favourable)


• No support from OAU


• Israel after 1967

beGinninG oF SPla War

1975–6: ‘Anyanya 2’ formed in Ethiopia

1980–3: Increased Anyanya 2 activity

• ‘Abyei Liberation Front’ active
  1983: Beginning of war


• Bor Mutiny (16 May)


• Abolition of Southern Region (24 May)


• Amalgamation of Anyanya 2 and mutineers
  with formation of SPLM/SPLA in Ethiopia (July)


• Introduction of ‘September Laws’

SPla recrUitMent

• Mutineers


• Civil servants


• Students and young people


• Organized recruiting throughout ‘liberated
  areas’

SPla Military StrUctUre

• Organized along orthodox military lines
  (battalions, brigades)


• External training camps and bases for first
  eight years


• Large internal bases


• Hierarchy of military command
  SPlM/SPla eXternal SUPPort


• Ethiopia: Derg regime 1983–91; current regime
  after 1995


• Lonrho up until 1991


• Uganda under Museveni


• Kenya (passive?)


• Eritrea in the 1990s


• Southern African liberation movements in
  1990s (through SPLM Harare office)

Anyanya SPLM/SPLA

The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Jok. © 2011 Rift Valley Institute and contributors

(www.riftvalley.net).